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Onderwijs 37 --- Financiering 658.147 --- Nederland (492) --- Education finacne --- Graduate taxes --- Income contingent loans --- Education subsidies --- Government expenditures on education --- H24 --- H52 --- H82 --- I22 --- I28 --- Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies; includes inheritance and gift taxes --- National Government Expenditures and Education --- Governmental Property --- Educational Finance --- Education: Government Policy --- E-working papers
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Under some conditions, macroeconomic crises can have a positive effect on the accumulation of human capital because they reduce the opportunity cost of schooling. This has profound implications for the design of appropriate social protection policies. The impact of macroeconomic crises on parents' investments in the human capital of their children is a widely contested issue. Schady analyzes the effects of the profound macroeconomic crisis in Peru in 1988-92 on the schooling and employment decisions made by urban school-age children. He arrives at two basic findings: First, the crisis had no effect on the attendance rates of school-age children. But the share of children who were both employed and in school fell significantly during the crisis; Second, mean educational attainment was significantly higher for children who were exposed to the crisis than for those who were not. Schady argues that these findings may be related: children who are not employed have more time available and may therefore put more effort into school. He concludes with a discussion of the implications of his findings for the design of appropriate social protection policies. This paper-a product of the Poverty Sector Unit, Latin America and the Caribbean Region-is part of a larger effort in the region to understand the effects of macroeconomic crises on households, and to design appropriate policies to mitigate their costs.
Adults --- Attendance Rate --- Attendance Rates --- Disability --- Education --- Education for All --- Education of Parents --- Educational Attainment --- Effective Schools and Teachers --- Enrollment Rates --- Enrolment Rates --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial Literacy --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Investments In Education --- Labor Policies --- Parental Education --- Population Policies --- Primary Education --- Primary School --- Provision Of Education --- Public Expenditures On Education --- Public School --- School --- School Attendance --- School Enrollment --- School Year --- Schooling --- Secondary School --- Social Protections and Labor --- Street Children --- Tertiary Education --- Urban Development --- Youth and Government
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India has the largest number of non-schoolgoing working children in the world. Why has the government not removed them from the labor force and required that they attend school, as have the governments of all developed and many developing countries? To answer this question, this major comparative study first looks at why and when other states have intervened to protect children against parents and employers. By examining Europe of the nineteenth century, the United States, Japan, and a number of developing countries, Myron Weiner rejects the argument that children were removed from the labor force only when the incomes of the poor rose and employers needed a more skilled labor force. Turning to India, the author shows that its policies arise from fundamental beliefs, embedded in the culture, rather than from economic conditions. Identifying the specific values that elsewhere led educators, social activists, religious leaders, trade unionists, military officers, and government bureaucrats to make education compulsory and to end child labor, he explains why similar groups in India do not play the same role.
School management --- Economic structure --- India --- Child labor --- Education, Compulsory --- Government policy --- Education, Compulsory. --- Government policy. --- -Child labor --- -Children --- Employment of children --- Labor --- Age and employment --- Compulsory education --- Compulsory school attendance --- Educational law and legislation --- -Employment --- -Government policy --- -Education, Compulsory --- Children --- Employment --- Frequentation scolaire --- Éducation des enfants --- Enfants --- Scolarite obligatoire. --- Scolarite obligatoire --- Politique publique --- Travail --- Politique gouvernementale. --- Politique gouvernementale --- India. --- Austria. --- Basic Education. --- Constitution of India. --- English Poor Law (1601). --- Eswaran, Girija. --- Factories Act (1948). --- Gandhi Labour Institute. --- Gandhi, Mahatma. --- Gujarat, educational system. --- Gupta, Meena. --- Hamilton, Alexander. --- Harbans Singh Report. --- Hartog Committee. --- Illich, Ivan. --- Indian Educational Services. --- Indian Mines Act (1923). --- Indian National Congress. --- Indian Social Institute. --- Institute of Education (Pune). --- Karnataka. --- Knights of Labor. --- Knox, John. --- Lakshmanan. --- Luther, Martin. --- Massachusetts. --- Mines Act (1952). --- Old Deluder Satan Law (1647). --- Operation Blackboard. --- Prema Seva Sadan. --- Smith, Adam. --- apprenticeship. --- attitudes toward childhood. --- bidi industry. --- bonded labor. --- brassware industry. --- carpet industry. --- common-school movement. --- cottage industries. --- dropout rates. --- education, state policies. --- expenditures on education. --- female education and fertility rates. --- fireworks industry. --- goals of education. --- indentured labor. --- literacy rates. --- match industry. --- minimum wage. --- nonformal education. --- pottery industry. --- school enrollments. --- science teaching. --- Bharat --- Bhārata --- Government of India --- Ḣindiston Respublikasi --- Inde --- Indië --- Indien --- Indii︠a︡ --- Indland --- Indo --- Republic of India --- Sāthāranarat ʻIndīa --- Yin-tu --- インド --- هند --- Индия --- Child labor - Government policy --- Child labor - Government policy - India --- Education, Compulsory - India --- Attitude envers les enfants --- Enfant --- Et les enfants --- Progéniture --- Relations avec les enfants --- Articles pour enfants --- Arts et enfants --- Enfants et violence --- Fosterage --- Jeunesse --- Meubles pour enfants --- Bibliothèques pour enfants --- Modules d'activités temporaires et alternatives à la scolarité --- Parapsychologie et enfants --- Parents --- Parents et enfants --- Personnes sans enfant --- Relations entre enfants --- Vêtements d'enfant --- Chapeaux d'enfant --- Chez l'enfant --- Coloriage pour enfants --- Éducation des enfants --- Beaux-enfants --- Disques pour enfants --- Enfants d'enseignants --- Enfants de célébrités --- Enfants de chômeurs --- Enfants de collaborateurs --- Enfants de handicapés --- Enfants de la classe ouvrière --- Enfants de malades --- Enfants de médecins --- Enfants de militaires --- Enfants de militants politiques --- Écoliers --- Enfants de parents appartenant à des minorités sexuelles --- Enfants de Pieds-noirs --- Enfants de prisonniers --- Enfants de prostituées --- Enfants écologistes --- Enfants écrivains --- Enfants en milieu urbain --- Enfants internautes --- Enfants kamikazes (attentats-suicides) --- Enfants maltraités --- Enfants naturels --- Enfants préhistoriques --- Enfants prostitués --- Enfants sans-abri --- Enfants seuls --- Enfants sorciers --- Enfants terrorristes --- Environnement et enfants --- Filles --- Garçons --- Enfants artistes --- Médias et enfants --- Médias pour la jeunesse --- Nourrissons --- Ordinateurs et enfants --- Orphelins --- Pastorale des enfants --- Premiers-nés --- Présidents --- Publicité et enfants --- Rang de naissance --- Enfants autochtones --- Rois et souverains --- Enfants célèbres --- Enfants d'alcooliques --- Enfants d'anciens combattants --- Enfants d'écrivains --- Âges de la vie --- Famille --- Groupes d'âge --- Mineurs (droit) --- Éducation familiale --- Éducation morale --- Service social scolaire --- Enfants et philosophie --- Enseignement primaire --- Gouvernantes --- Rôle parental --- Éducation de la première enfance --- Éducation physique et sportive pour enfants --- Éducation religieuse des enfants --- Éducation sexuelle des enfants --- Éducation --- Assiduité aux cours --- Assistance aux cours --- Élèves --- Inscription dans les écoles --- Scolarisation --- Effectifs scolaires --- Abandon des études --- Absentéisme scolaire --- Année scolaire --- Phobie scolaire --- Rentrée scolaire --- Semaine scolaire --- Transport scolaire --- Universités --- Administration scolaire --- Âge scolaire --- Scolarité obligatoire --- Dans l'art --- Livres et lecture --- Loisirs --- Psychologie --- Statut juridique --- Au cinéma --- Langage --- Développement --- Santé et hygiène --- Discipline --- Éducation à la propreté --- Inscription --- Exclusion --- Inscriptions --- Indi --- Indii͡
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