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Asthma is a common complex and heterogeneous respiratory disease with an increasing prevalence in developed countries. Asthma is a disease consisting of different phenotypes that are driven by different mechanistic pathways (endotypes). The recognition of these phenotypes and endotypes is central to asthma management entailing prognostic and therapeutic implications. It is acknowledged that despite optimal treatment, many patients are poorly controlled, highlighting the need for phenotype-guided treatments. In this context, the emergence of novel therapies (monoclonal antibody therapy, bronchial thermoplasty) is paving the way for personalized asthma therapy. A better understanding of disease pathogenesis may enable the identification of biomarkers, mediators, novel therapeutic targets, and treatable traits. Further molecular phenotyping or endotyping of asthma will be necessary to tailor new therapeutic strategies. The present Special Issue on Asthma aims to provide the current knowledge on phenotypes and endotypes in appreciating and managing the heterogeneous condition that is asthma.

Medicine --- asthma --- lactic acidosis --- hyperchloremic acidosis --- hypocapnia --- hypercapnia --- wheezing --- bronchial biopsies --- symptom persistence --- clinical remission --- eosinophil --- adhesion --- viability --- proliferation --- airway smooth muscle cell --- pulmonary fibroblast --- phenotype --- acute severe asthma exacerbation --- near fatal asthma --- severe asthma --- inflammation --- interleukin-5 (IL-5) --- anti-IL-5 --- interleukin-4 --- airway remodeling --- matrix metalloproteinases-9 --- tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 --- alveolar macrophages --- lung function --- bronchodilation --- resistance --- obstruction --- reproducible --- spirometry --- obstructive sleep apnea --- bronchial asthma --- alternative overlap syndrome --- exacerbation --- reactive oxygen species --- PBMC --- mitochondrial function --- innate immunity --- immune regulation --- NLRP3 --- IL-1β --- allergic airway inflammation --- microbiome --- pathogenesis --- immune responses --- PreDicta --- preschool --- FeNO --- asthma-specific quality of life --- chronic rhinitis --- disease-specific quality of life --- health-related quality of Life (HRQLQ) --- children --- longitudinal study --- asthma --- lactic acidosis --- hyperchloremic acidosis --- hypocapnia --- hypercapnia --- wheezing --- bronchial biopsies --- symptom persistence --- clinical remission --- eosinophil --- adhesion --- viability --- proliferation --- airway smooth muscle cell --- pulmonary fibroblast --- phenotype --- acute severe asthma exacerbation --- near fatal asthma --- severe asthma --- inflammation --- interleukin-5 (IL-5) --- anti-IL-5 --- interleukin-4 --- airway remodeling --- matrix metalloproteinases-9 --- tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 --- alveolar macrophages --- lung function --- bronchodilation --- resistance --- obstruction --- reproducible --- spirometry --- obstructive sleep apnea --- bronchial asthma --- alternative overlap syndrome --- exacerbation --- reactive oxygen species --- PBMC --- mitochondrial function --- innate immunity --- immune regulation --- NLRP3 --- IL-1β --- allergic airway inflammation --- microbiome --- pathogenesis --- immune responses --- PreDicta --- preschool --- FeNO --- asthma-specific quality of life --- chronic rhinitis --- disease-specific quality of life --- health-related quality of Life (HRQLQ) --- children --- longitudinal study

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Asthma is a common complex and heterogeneous respiratory disease with an increasing prevalence in developed countries. Asthma is a disease consisting of different phenotypes that are driven by different mechanistic pathways (endotypes). The recognition of these phenotypes and endotypes is central to asthma management entailing prognostic and therapeutic implications. It is acknowledged that despite optimal treatment, many patients are poorly controlled, highlighting the need for phenotype-guided treatments. In this context, the emergence of novel therapies (monoclonal antibody therapy, bronchial thermoplasty) is paving the way for personalized asthma therapy. A better understanding of disease pathogenesis may enable the identification of biomarkers, mediators, novel therapeutic targets, and treatable traits. Further molecular phenotyping or endotyping of asthma will be necessary to tailor new therapeutic strategies. The present Special Issue on Asthma aims to provide the current knowledge on phenotypes and endotypes in appreciating and managing the heterogeneous condition that is asthma.

asthma --- lactic acidosis --- hyperchloremic acidosis --- hypocapnia --- hypercapnia --- wheezing --- bronchial biopsies --- symptom persistence --- clinical remission --- eosinophil --- adhesion --- viability --- proliferation --- airway smooth muscle cell --- pulmonary fibroblast --- phenotype --- acute severe asthma exacerbation --- near fatal asthma --- severe asthma --- inflammation --- interleukin-5 (IL-5) --- anti-IL-5 --- interleukin-4 --- airway remodeling --- matrix metalloproteinases-9 --- tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 --- alveolar macrophages --- lung function --- bronchodilation --- resistance --- obstruction --- reproducible --- spirometry --- obstructive sleep apnea --- bronchial asthma --- alternative overlap syndrome --- exacerbation --- reactive oxygen species --- PBMC --- mitochondrial function --- innate immunity --- immune regulation --- NLRP3 --- IL-1β --- allergic airway inflammation --- microbiome --- pathogenesis --- immune responses --- PreDicta --- preschool --- FeNO --- asthma-specific quality of life --- chronic rhinitis --- disease-specific quality of life --- health-related quality of Life (HRQLQ) --- children --- longitudinal study

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Climate change poses a serious challenge to our health and wellbeing. The increasing frequency of extreme weather events such as floods, droughts, and heatwaves, and the direct impacts of changes in temperature have direct impacts on health. At the same time, broader environmental change affects infectious disease risk, air pollution, and other forms of exposure. The different ways in which climate change will affect health are complex, interactive, and different communities are disproportionately affected. International actions such as the Paris Agreement and the Sustainable Development Goals recognise the future risks to society and acknowledge that we are already committed to a certain level of climate change. Future adaptation measures therefore need careful assessment and implementation for us to be able to minimise the potential risks from climate change and, at the same time, maximise the potential health benefits of a cleaner, greener world. This Special Issue comprises original research articles and detailed reviews on the likely impacts of climate change on health in a range of geographical settings, and the potential for adaptation measures to reduce some of these risks. Ultimately, studies like these will motivate policy level action for mitigation and help in determining the most effective methods of adaptation to reduce negative impacts in future through embedding scientific evidence into practice.

Research & information: general --- heat-waves --- heat-related mortality --- 2003 --- 2015 --- climate change --- Germany --- air temperature --- hot days --- heat waves --- city --- urban area types --- Poznań --- Poland --- ambulance 999 calls --- extreme weather --- resource planning --- London --- UK --- heat --- mortality --- adaptation --- dwellings --- indoor temperature --- cold days --- cold waves --- health systems --- climate adaptation --- health infrastructure --- rescue services --- Northern Europe --- disaster risk reduction --- Sendai Framework --- demographic change --- infectious diseases --- vector-borne diseases --- aerosolized exposures --- pollen --- well-being --- public health --- land management --- patient and public involvement (PPI) --- land-use --- El Niño Southern Oscillation --- ENSO --- health --- climatic variability --- climate-sensitive disease --- workplace --- heat stress --- productivity loss --- beta distribution --- North Atlantic Oscillation --- weather --- emergency ambulance calls --- exacerbation of essential hypertension --- urban heat island --- urban planning --- heat resilience --- climate scenarios --- waterborne disease --- natural environment --- risks --- cryptosporidiosis --- cholera --- leptospirosis --- Legionnaires’ disease --- trends over time --- n/a --- Poznań --- El Niño Southern Oscillation --- Legionnaires' disease

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Dear Colleagues, A rare disease, also known as an orphan disease, is any disease that affects a small percentage of the population. Although definitions vary from continent to continent, according to the European Union, rare diseases are those with a prevalence of less than 1 in 2000 people. Rare diseases are, in general, chronic, debilitating diseases, which in many cases threaten patients’ lives. It is estimated that 1–2 million people in the European Union are affected by a rare respiratory disease, which is a public health problem. Due to the low prevalence and severity of many of these diseases, whose symptoms often initially manifest in childhood, combined efforts are needed to improve our knowledge of the pathophysiology of these diseases that will lead to the development of new, more effective treatments. Therefore, since rare respiratory diseases represent an important field in medicine, we propose this Special Issue to promote the dissemination of the latest advances in basic and clinical research in these diseases. Prof. Dr. Francisco Dasí Guest Editor

standard diagnosis --- reference centres --- clinical presentation --- cilia --- primary ciliary dyskinesia --- alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency --- rare respiratory diseases --- Mycobacterium avium --- Mycobacterium intracellulare --- nodular bronchiectasis --- non-tuberculous mycobacteria --- pulmonary aspergillosis --- rare pulmonary disease --- miRNA expression --- exhaled breath condensate --- sputum --- severity --- pulmonary exacerbation --- alpha1 antitrypsin deficiency --- augmentation therapy --- replacement therapy --- rare diseases --- gene therapy --- alpha-1-antitrypsin deficit --- cystic fibrosis --- neonatal respiratory distress --- laterality defect --- orphan diseases --- PCD --- immunofluorescence --- antibody --- ALI culture --- bio-resource --- primary nasal epithelium --- diagnostics --- Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency --- liver disease --- glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase --- glutamate-pyruvate transaminase --- gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase --- resilience --- active lifestyle --- stress levels --- infection control measure --- self-quarantine --- flow cytometry --- nasal epithelium --- oxidative stress --- reactive oxygen species --- endoplasmic reticulum stress --- antioxidant therapies --- idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis --- chronic obstructive pulmonary disease --- bronchiectasis --- asthma --- emphysema --- alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency --- transient elastography --- n/a

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Climate change poses a serious challenge to our health and wellbeing. The increasing frequency of extreme weather events such as floods, droughts, and heatwaves, and the direct impacts of changes in temperature have direct impacts on health. At the same time, broader environmental change affects infectious disease risk, air pollution, and other forms of exposure. The different ways in which climate change will affect health are complex, interactive, and different communities are disproportionately affected. International actions such as the Paris Agreement and the Sustainable Development Goals recognise the future risks to society and acknowledge that we are already committed to a certain level of climate change. Future adaptation measures therefore need careful assessment and implementation for us to be able to minimise the potential risks from climate change and, at the same time, maximise the potential health benefits of a cleaner, greener world. This Special Issue comprises original research articles and detailed reviews on the likely impacts of climate change on health in a range of geographical settings, and the potential for adaptation measures to reduce some of these risks. Ultimately, studies like these will motivate policy level action for mitigation and help in determining the most effective methods of adaptation to reduce negative impacts in future through embedding scientific evidence into practice.

Research & information: general --- heat-waves --- heat-related mortality --- 2003 --- 2015 --- climate change --- Germany --- air temperature --- hot days --- heat waves --- city --- urban area types --- Poznań --- Poland --- ambulance 999 calls --- extreme weather --- resource planning --- London --- UK --- heat --- mortality --- adaptation --- dwellings --- indoor temperature --- cold days --- cold waves --- health systems --- climate adaptation --- health infrastructure --- rescue services --- Northern Europe --- disaster risk reduction --- Sendai Framework --- demographic change --- infectious diseases --- vector-borne diseases --- aerosolized exposures --- pollen --- well-being --- public health --- land management --- patient and public involvement (PPI) --- land-use --- El Niño Southern Oscillation --- ENSO --- health --- climatic variability --- climate-sensitive disease --- workplace --- heat stress --- productivity loss --- beta distribution --- North Atlantic Oscillation --- weather --- emergency ambulance calls --- exacerbation of essential hypertension --- urban heat island --- urban planning --- heat resilience --- climate scenarios --- waterborne disease --- natural environment --- risks --- cryptosporidiosis --- cholera --- leptospirosis --- Legionnaires' disease --- trends over time --- heat-waves --- heat-related mortality --- 2003 --- 2015 --- climate change --- Germany --- air temperature --- hot days --- heat waves --- city --- urban area types --- Poznań --- Poland --- ambulance 999 calls --- extreme weather --- resource planning --- London --- UK --- heat --- mortality --- adaptation --- dwellings --- indoor temperature --- cold days --- cold waves --- health systems --- climate adaptation --- health infrastructure --- rescue services --- Northern Europe --- disaster risk reduction --- Sendai Framework --- demographic change --- infectious diseases --- vector-borne diseases --- aerosolized exposures --- pollen --- well-being --- public health --- land management --- patient and public involvement (PPI) --- land-use --- El Niño Southern Oscillation --- ENSO --- health --- climatic variability --- climate-sensitive disease --- workplace --- heat stress --- productivity loss --- beta distribution --- North Atlantic Oscillation --- weather --- emergency ambulance calls --- exacerbation of essential hypertension --- urban heat island --- urban planning --- heat resilience --- climate scenarios --- waterborne disease --- natural environment --- risks --- cryptosporidiosis --- cholera --- leptospirosis --- Legionnaires' disease --- trends over time