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Agonistic. --- Bachelor. --- Ethogram. --- Social interaction.

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Aggression. --- Albino mice. --- Albino. --- Ethogram. --- Mice. --- Observation.

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Weaning foals marks a stressful event in horses' lives. Limited research exists regarding different housing methods post-weaning and the long-term implications on horse behavior and welfare. The purpose of this study was to monitor behavior and physiological stress markers in horses weaned individually in solid partition box stalls versus horses weaned in small groups and housed in paddocks. Both treatment groups underwent maternal deprivation stress, but the stalled weanlings had the additive effects of social isolation which prevented them from performing social behaviors. Quarter Horse weanlings from the Michigan State University, Merillat Equine Center, average age 4.5 months, were weaned in 13.4 m2 box stalls (n=6) or in groups of three in a 992 m2 paddock, which had very limited grazing forage and an open shelter available (n=6). Subjects were fed concentrate and hay to National Research Council recommendations. A time budget for 31 observed behaviors was developed. Behavioral observations were made 2 days per week, approximately 6 h per day, for the duration of the 56 days study. Instantaneous samples were recorded every 5 min on each observation day, with equal division between the two treatment groups (n=35 scans per horse per observation day). Focal data were recorded continuously between scans to provide a more detailed ethogram. On each observation day, fecal samples were collected to measure 11,17-dioxoandrostanes, an indicator of glucocorticoid metabolite concentration. Regarding the fecal 11,17-dioxoandrostanes, there was no discernible treatment difference either immediately post-weaning or at the conclusion of the 56 days study. Interestingly, all 12 weanlings showed a 4 week post-weaning increase in 11,17-dioxoandrostanes. The reason for this peak was unclear. Behavioral observations demonstrated a significantly different time budget in paddock-housed weanlings than in stall-housed weanlings (P<0.0001). Paddock-housed weanlings displayed a time

Ability. --- Age. --- Behavior. --- Boxes. --- Conspecific. --- Deprivation. --- Duration. --- Equine. --- Ethogram. --- Feral. --- Foal. --- Foals. --- Forage. --- Glucocorticoid. --- Grazing. --- Group. --- Hay. --- Horse. --- Horses. --- Housing. --- Increase. --- Isolation. --- Long-term. --- Lying. --- Maternal-deprivation. --- Maternal. --- Method. --- Motivation. --- Moving. --- Observation. --- Partition. --- Pawing. --- Physiological. --- Post weaning. --- Purpose. --- Research. --- Shelter. --- Social behavior. --- Social isolation. --- Social-behavior. --- Social-isolation. --- Social. --- Stress. --- Time budget. --- Time. --- Treatment. --- University. --- Weaning. --- Welfare.

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The structure of sequential behavior and its patterns have attracted the attention of researchers from various disciplines, such as game theory, human and animal behavior, evolutionary ecology, psychology, behavioral economy, and cognitive sciences. Sequential behavior seems to be involved in the processes of sequential learning, decision-making processes, and exploratory behavior. There are, however, competing hypotheses regarding the mechanisms involved in the complexity of the behavioral responses of organisms when exposed to changing environments. The behavioral response to different environmental conditions is often utilized in behavioral ecology studies, where the changes in behavior are quantified in terms of probability of dispersal, distance, and speed of movements or time budget, where the time spent on different activities (foraging, resting, explore, etc.) is registered and analyzed in terms of cost–benefit. This book represents a series of articles covering a broad spectrum of organisms and proposes the analysis of sequential behavior utilizing indices commonly applied in the estimation of developmental instability (fluctuating asymmetry, directional asymmetry, and antisymmetry) toward estimating the degree of “Behavioral Instability”. Deviations from symmetry will be interpreted in ecological and evolutionary terms, where the cost and benefits of changes of the degree of behavioral instability will be analyzed in terms of overall costs and benefits and its evolutionary significance. Presented in this collection are multidisciplinary studies (theoretical and computational as well as experimental and empirical approaches) that validate the proposed approach and pave the way for future investigation in the novel field of what is best described as behavioral instability.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Ecological science, the Biosphere --- pharmaceutical marketing --- physicians' symmetrical prescription behavior --- corporate image --- exploratory factor analysis --- confirmatory factor analysis --- SEM-based multivariate approach --- asymmetric preference --- inertial route choice --- willingness to pay --- willingness to accept --- experimental study --- benefits symmetry --- behavioral stability --- evolutionary game --- system dynamics --- dynamic incentive --- environmental stress --- behavioural instability --- biomonitoring tool --- unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) --- disturbance --- fibrin --- platelets --- bone graft --- bone regeneration --- bone tissue --- asymmetry --- ethogram --- olfactory stimuli --- stereotypy --- Ursus maritimus --- enrichment --- captivity --- asymmetric diversity --- pharmaceutical marketing --- physicians' symmetrical prescription behavior --- corporate image --- exploratory factor analysis --- confirmatory factor analysis --- SEM-based multivariate approach --- asymmetric preference --- inertial route choice --- willingness to pay --- willingness to accept --- experimental study --- benefits symmetry --- behavioral stability --- evolutionary game --- system dynamics --- dynamic incentive --- environmental stress --- behavioural instability --- biomonitoring tool --- unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) --- disturbance --- fibrin --- platelets --- bone graft --- bone regeneration --- bone tissue --- asymmetry --- ethogram --- olfactory stimuli --- stereotypy --- Ursus maritimus --- enrichment --- captivity --- asymmetric diversity

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The structure of sequential behavior and its patterns have attracted the attention of researchers from various disciplines, such as game theory, human and animal behavior, evolutionary ecology, psychology, behavioral economy, and cognitive sciences. Sequential behavior seems to be involved in the processes of sequential learning, decision-making processes, and exploratory behavior. There are, however, competing hypotheses regarding the mechanisms involved in the complexity of the behavioral responses of organisms when exposed to changing environments. The behavioral response to different environmental conditions is often utilized in behavioral ecology studies, where the changes in behavior are quantified in terms of probability of dispersal, distance, and speed of movements or time budget, where the time spent on different activities (foraging, resting, explore, etc.) is registered and analyzed in terms of cost–benefit. This book represents a series of articles covering a broad spectrum of organisms and proposes the analysis of sequential behavior utilizing indices commonly applied in the estimation of developmental instability (fluctuating asymmetry, directional asymmetry, and antisymmetry) toward estimating the degree of “Behavioral Instability”. Deviations from symmetry will be interpreted in ecological and evolutionary terms, where the cost and benefits of changes of the degree of behavioral instability will be analyzed in terms of overall costs and benefits and its evolutionary significance. Presented in this collection are multidisciplinary studies (theoretical and computational as well as experimental and empirical approaches) that validate the proposed approach and pave the way for future investigation in the novel field of what is best described as behavioral instability.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Ecological science, the Biosphere --- pharmaceutical marketing --- physicians’ symmetrical prescription behavior --- corporate image --- exploratory factor analysis --- confirmatory factor analysis --- SEM-based multivariate approach --- asymmetric preference --- inertial route choice --- willingness to pay --- willingness to accept --- experimental study --- benefits symmetry --- behavioral stability --- evolutionary game --- system dynamics --- dynamic incentive --- environmental stress --- behavioural instability --- biomonitoring tool --- unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) --- disturbance --- fibrin --- platelets --- bone graft --- bone regeneration --- bone tissue --- asymmetry --- ethogram --- olfactory stimuli --- stereotypy --- Ursus maritimus --- enrichment --- captivity --- asymmetric diversity --- n/a --- physicians' symmetrical prescription behavior