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In pursuit of societal harmony: Reviewing the experiences and approaches in officially monolingual and officially multilingual countries contains a selection of papers on language legislation that were presented at the International Conference on Language Policy in Multicultural and Multilingual Settings, Mandalay, Myanmar, 8-11 February 2016. The editors, both members of the International Academy of Language Law / Académie internationale de droit linguistique, brought together presentations that deal with language legislation and practices in Europe, Asia, Africa and North America. The contributions show that the post-communist trend in language policy has been vastly represented by attempts to eliminate the language, and even the cultural legacy, of the formerly hegemonic nation/s in countries emerging after the collapse of the system. In doing so officials in these countries tend to link the harmonisation of a diverse society with the idea of homogenising its population, and prioritising the cultural legacy of the titular nation. In contrast, some post-colonial countries are more tolerant of the language of their colonisers but consequently do not sufficiently promote the institutionalisation of their indigenous languages. Furthermore, the absence of visible efforts to follow any legal pattern in this regard often result in a communication gap between government and the various communities.

Historical & comparative linguistics --- Education & the law --- Language --- Language Rights --- Multicultural society --- Policy --- Post-colonial and comparative perspectives --- language legislation --- Ukraine --- South Africa --- Language policies --- access to information services --- Ontario --- Burkina Faso --- Macau --- multilingual language policy --- Malaysia --- Post-Soviet and Post-Communist studies --- Linguistic landscape in Azerbaijan --- Nation building and bilingualism in Latvia --- ideologies of language --- Croatia --- Lithuania --- conference proceedings --- national cultural heritage --- ethnic composition

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Parents and students from different socioeconomic backgrounds value differently school characteristics, but the reasons behind this preference heterogeneity are not well understood. In the context of the centralized school assignment system in Mexico City, this study analyzes how a large household income shock affects choices over high school tracks exploiting the discontinuity in the assignment of the welfare program Oportunidades. The income shock significantly increases the probability of choosing the vocational track vis-a-vis the other more academic-oriented tracks. The findings suggest that the transfer relaxes the financial constraints that prevent relatively low-ability students from choosing the schooling option with higher labor market returns.

Academic ability --- Academic achievement --- Academic quality --- Academic year --- Access to university --- Achievement --- Achievement standards --- Assignment mechanism --- Average treatment effect --- Career --- College --- College education --- Curriculum --- Dropout rate --- Economic development --- Economics of education --- Education --- Education for all --- Education institutions --- Education level --- Education programs --- Educational modalities --- Educational outcomes --- Effective schools & teachers --- Elite schools --- Employment --- Enrollment --- Ethnic composition --- Exam --- Fees --- Geographic distribution --- Grade levels --- Graduate --- Graduation rate --- Grants --- High school --- High school level --- High school students --- High schools --- Higher education --- Human capital --- Information technology --- ITS --- Labor markets --- Learning --- LET --- Literature --- Low-income students --- Lower secondary --- Lower secondary school --- Middle school --- Middle schools --- Ministry of education --- Mobility --- Number of students --- Number of students per teacher --- Open access --- Parental education --- Pedagogical methods --- Primary education --- Public education --- Public school --- Public schools --- Returns to education --- Scholarships --- School attendance --- School census --- School completion --- School curriculum --- School days --- School facilities --- School infrastructure --- School level --- School principals --- School program --- School programs --- School quality --- School students --- School supplies --- School vouchers --- School year --- Schooling --- Secondary education --- Secondary enrollment --- Secondary school --- Secondary schooling --- Skills --- Statistics --- Student ability --- Students --- Students per teacher --- Study --- Teacher --- Teachers --- Technical education --- Technical schools --- Technical track --- Tertiary education --- Tertiary level --- Test scores --- Training --- Tuition --- Tuition costs --- Tuition fees --- University --- University degree --- University programs --- Upper secondary --- Upper secondary education --- Upper secondary level --- Vocational education --- Vocational school --- Vocational schools --- Vouchers --- Workshops

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This paper develops and estimates an equilibrium model of charter school entry and school choice. In the model, households choose among public, private, and charter schools, and a regulator authorizes charter entry and mandates charter exit. The model is estimated for Washington, D.C. According to the estimates, charters generate net social gains by providing additional school options, and they benefit non-white, low-income, and middle-school students the most. Further, policies that raise the supply of prospective charter entrants in combination with high authorization standards enhance social welfare.

Academic achievement --- Academic performance --- Academic programs --- Academic viability --- Academic year --- Achievement data --- Alternative schools --- Average class size --- Average number of children --- Black students --- Board of education --- Catholic schools --- Class size --- Classroom --- College --- Comprehensive assessment --- Cultural policy --- Culture & development --- Curricula --- Curriculum --- Early childhood --- Economics of education --- Educated parents --- Education --- Education for all --- Education reform --- Education statistics --- Education students --- Educational attainment --- Educational costs --- Effective schools --- Elementary school --- Elementary schools --- Enrollment by grade --- Enrollment data --- Ethnic composition --- Faculty --- Faculty development --- Fees --- Formula funding --- Geographic distribution --- Graduation rate --- Graduation rates --- High school --- High schools --- Knowledge --- Language curriculum --- Learning --- Literature --- Low enrollments --- Low-income students --- Middle school --- Middle school students --- Middle schools --- Ministry of education --- Net social gain --- Number of schools --- Number of students --- Open access --- Papers --- Parental income --- Partnerships in education --- Primary education --- Private school --- Private schools --- Public school --- Public school system --- Public schools --- Pupil funding --- Quality schools --- Racial segregation --- Reading --- Regular schools --- Research --- Research report --- Researchers --- School --- School attendance --- School buildings --- School climate --- School cost --- School costs --- School data --- School day --- School district --- School effectiveness --- School enrollment --- School enrolment --- School entry --- School experience --- School funding --- School leaders --- School level --- School levels --- School location --- School performance --- School principals --- School quality --- School reform --- School students --- School supply --- School survey --- School system --- School tuition --- School year --- School-age --- School-age children --- School-age population --- School-year --- Schooling --- Schools --- Science --- Secondary education --- Social science --- Social welfare --- Special education --- Student --- Student achievement --- Student body --- Student choice --- Student costs --- Student demand --- Student group --- Student groups --- Student population --- Students --- Teacher --- Teachers --- Teaching --- Teaching methods --- Tertiary education --- Tuition --- University --- Urban school --- Urban schools --- Values --- Vocational schools