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Arthritis has a high prevalence globally and includes over 100 different types, the most common of which are rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and inflammatory arthritis. The exact etiology of arthritis remains unclear and no cure exists. Anti-inflammatory drugs are commonly used in the treatment of arthritis but are associated with significant side effects. Novel modes of therapy and additional prognostic biomarkers are urgently needed for arthritis patients. This book summarizes and discusses the global picture of the current understanding of arthritis.

receptor activator of nuclear factor ?B --- infliximab --- tripterine --- triptolide --- osteoblast --- tumor necrosis factor-alpha --- synovial cell --- anti-arthritis --- biosimilars --- Epstein-Barr virus --- cytokines --- SOX9 --- parathyroid hormone --- nitric oxide --- rat --- etanercept --- angiogenesis --- glycosylation --- mitogen activated protein kinase --- Th9 lymphocytes --- rheumatoid arthritis --- IL-6 --- clodronate --- bone erosion --- mesenchymal stem cells --- collagen-induced arthritis --- biological --- gene expression --- inflammatory arthritis --- osteoarthritis --- fraxinellone --- nuclear factor kappa B --- messenger RNA --- inflammation --- miRNA --- disease-modifying --- adipokines --- WNT --- glycoprotein 42 --- miR-199a-5p --- proliferation --- next-generation sequencing --- collagen --- osteoarthritis (OA) --- experimental arthritis --- bone morphogenetic protein --- TNF-? --- computational modeling --- basic research --- osteoclast --- therapeutics --- certolizumab pegol --- chondrocytes --- progenitor cells --- adjuvant arthritis --- adalimumab --- triterpenoid --- sclareol --- TNF? --- fibroblast growth factor 2 --- antibodies --- osteoblasts --- molecular pathology --- Th17 --- immunology --- obesity --- visfatin --- articular cartilage --- autoimmune --- biomarkers --- celastrol --- MAPK --- disease pathways --- IL1? --- arthritis --- bioinformatics --- anticitrullinated peptide antibodies --- drug delivery system --- antagonists --- shared epitope --- pathology --- SMA- and MAD-related protein --- small-molecule inhibitor --- transforming growth factor ? --- mice --- golimumab --- spinal fusion --- antirheumatic drug --- early osteoarthritis --- stem cell --- rheumatoid factor --- therapeutic antibody --- bisphosphonate --- osteoclastogenesis --- interleukin --- spondyloarthropathies --- clinical translation --- therapy --- Traditional Chinese medicine --- chemokines --- structure --- cell signaling --- microRNA