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The year 2019 has been prolific in terms of new evidence regarding the effects of coffee and caffeine consumption on diverse aspects of human functioning. This book collects 20 high-quality manuscripts published in Nutrients that include original investigation or systematic review studies of the effects of caffeine intake on human performance and health. The diversity of the articles published in this Special Issue highlights the extent of the effects of coffee and caffeine on human functioning, while underpinning the positive nature of most of these effects. This book will help with understanding why the natural sources of caffeine are so widely present in the nutrition behaviors of modern society.

NAT --- n/a --- supplementation --- EEG–EMG coherence --- muscle function --- tea --- fatigue --- ergogenic --- adrenal gland --- skeletal muscle --- xanthine oxidase --- placebo --- CMJ --- efficiency --- colorectal cancer --- rat --- pregnancy --- coffee/caffeine --- Wingate --- 1RM test --- supplement --- actigraphy --- athletic --- systematic review and meta-analysis --- women --- consumption motives --- resistance training --- cancer prevention --- sport supplement --- exercise --- DOMS --- placebo effect --- sprint performance --- power --- behavior --- belief --- health --- perceptions --- exercise performance --- ergogenic aid --- electromyography --- ergogenic effect --- corticosterone --- metabolome --- mood state --- muscle contraction --- strength --- energy drink --- repetition --- responders --- perception --- anaerobic --- CYP450 --- puberty --- energy drinks --- isokinetic testing --- individual responses --- phenotyping --- nutrition --- time under tension --- menstrual cycle --- exercise training --- RPE --- ergogenic substances --- upper limb --- elite athlete --- recovery --- speed --- epidemiology --- caffeine --- sex-difference --- bench press --- pharmacokinetics --- sport performance --- ergogenic aids --- expectancy --- consumer --- football --- newborn --- velocity --- metabolites --- performance --- coffee --- prospective studies --- resistance exercise --- sport --- EEG-EMG coherence

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Exercise necessitates increased energy production to match the elevated demand of physical activity, the magnitude of which varies significantly by activity, sport, and/or athletic position. While long term nutritional habitus is known to impact exercise performance, short term or acute nutritional strategies may also prove beneficial, or detrimental, to athletic performance. Modifications to macro- or micro-nutrient intakes likely influence athletic capacity through the altered metabolic capacity, although cardiovascular, respiratory, or neurocognitive effects are not to be discounted as possibly being influenced by altering the nutritional approach. Similarly, dietary supplementation with factors such as probiotics or antioxidants, either acutely or chronically, is also a likely avenue in which to optimize athletic performance. Supplementation, or the timing of supplementation, diurnally or with activity, may help to bridge gaps between dietary intakes and needs, perhaps as a result of either an inadequate intake and/or high level of athletic demand via high intensity, frequency, volume, or a combination thereof. Altering nutritional strategy for athletic performance is a de facto approach employed by athletes, often occurring seemingly independent of knowledge or evidence for or against a particular strategy. Rigorous studies of nutritional manipulation, supplementation, or those exploring the temporal optimization of nutrition or supplementation are desperately needed in an ever-changing sports nutrition landscape with an increasingly larger audience.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Food & society --- natural polyphenols --- curcumin --- muscle-damaging exercise --- anti-inflammatory --- antioxidants --- physical activity --- Carbohydrate --- high-intensity exercise --- fatigue --- ergogenic aids --- maximum oxygen consumption --- performance sports --- physical fitness --- sports nutrition --- continuous glucose monitoring --- carbohydrate --- trail running --- Freestyle Libre --- ketone ester --- ketogenic diet --- ketone salt --- MCT --- rotarod --- R-βHB --- beta-alanine --- ergogenic aid --- physical performance --- aerobic–anaerobic transition zone --- Paralympic powerlifting --- supplementation --- creatine --- performance --- nitric oxide --- dietary supplements --- oxygen consumption --- muscle fibres --- body composition --- strength parameters --- endurance --- training --- racquet sports --- sport supplement --- exercise --- carbohydrates --- time trial --- substrate utilization --- fat oxidation --- gastrointestinal distress --- satiety --- gut microbiota --- probiotics --- athletes --- cognitive performance --- recovery --- salt --- sarcopenia --- renalase --- body fat percentage --- knee extensor muscle strength --- single-leg stance time --- maximum gait speed --- long seat type body anteflexion --- chair rise test --- natural polyphenols --- curcumin --- muscle-damaging exercise --- anti-inflammatory --- antioxidants --- physical activity --- Carbohydrate --- high-intensity exercise --- fatigue --- ergogenic aids --- maximum oxygen consumption --- performance sports --- physical fitness --- sports nutrition --- continuous glucose monitoring --- carbohydrate --- trail running --- Freestyle Libre --- ketone ester --- ketogenic diet --- ketone salt --- MCT --- rotarod --- R-βHB --- beta-alanine --- ergogenic aid --- physical performance --- aerobic–anaerobic transition zone --- Paralympic powerlifting --- supplementation --- creatine --- performance --- nitric oxide --- dietary supplements --- oxygen consumption --- muscle fibres --- body composition --- strength parameters --- endurance --- training --- racquet sports --- sport supplement --- exercise --- carbohydrates --- time trial --- substrate utilization --- fat oxidation --- gastrointestinal distress --- satiety --- gut microbiota --- probiotics --- athletes --- cognitive performance --- recovery --- salt --- sarcopenia --- renalase --- body fat percentage --- knee extensor muscle strength --- single-leg stance time --- maximum gait speed --- long seat type body anteflexion --- chair rise test

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Exercise necessitates increased energy production to match the elevated demand of physical activity, the magnitude of which varies significantly by activity, sport, and/or athletic position. While long term nutritional habitus is known to impact exercise performance, short term or acute nutritional strategies may also prove beneficial, or detrimental, to athletic performance. Modifications to macro- or micro-nutrient intakes likely influence athletic capacity through the altered metabolic capacity, although cardiovascular, respiratory, or neurocognitive effects are not to be discounted as possibly being influenced by altering the nutritional approach. Similarly, dietary supplementation with factors such as probiotics or antioxidants, either acutely or chronically, is also a likely avenue in which to optimize athletic performance. Supplementation, or the timing of supplementation, diurnally or with activity, may help to bridge gaps between dietary intakes and needs, perhaps as a result of either an inadequate intake and/or high level of athletic demand via high intensity, frequency, volume, or a combination thereof. Altering nutritional strategy for athletic performance is a de facto approach employed by athletes, often occurring seemingly independent of knowledge or evidence for or against a particular strategy. Rigorous studies of nutritional manipulation, supplementation, or those exploring the temporal optimization of nutrition or supplementation are desperately needed in an ever-changing sports nutrition landscape with an increasingly larger audience.

natural polyphenols --- curcumin --- muscle-damaging exercise --- anti-inflammatory --- antioxidants --- physical activity --- Carbohydrate --- high-intensity exercise --- fatigue --- ergogenic aids --- maximum oxygen consumption --- performance sports --- physical fitness --- sports nutrition --- continuous glucose monitoring --- carbohydrate --- trail running --- Freestyle Libre --- ketone ester --- ketogenic diet --- ketone salt --- MCT --- rotarod --- R-βHB --- beta-alanine --- ergogenic aid --- physical performance --- aerobic–anaerobic transition zone --- Paralympic powerlifting --- supplementation --- creatine --- performance --- nitric oxide --- dietary supplements --- oxygen consumption --- muscle fibres --- body composition --- strength parameters --- endurance --- training --- racquet sports --- sport supplement --- exercise --- carbohydrates --- time trial --- substrate utilization --- fat oxidation --- gastrointestinal distress --- satiety --- gut microbiota --- probiotics --- athletes --- cognitive performance --- recovery --- salt --- sarcopenia --- renalase --- body fat percentage --- knee extensor muscle strength --- single-leg stance time --- maximum gait speed --- long seat type body anteflexion --- chair rise test

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Bladder cancer is the second most common genitourinary malignancy, with 81,190 estimated new diagnoses in 2018, in the United States alone. Transurethral resection of the bladder and radical cystectomy with bilateral pelvic lymph node dissection constitute the standard treatment for non-muscle invasive or very high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer, respectively. However, survival expectations have not shown to improve in the last 20 years, and new diagnostic and therapeutic tools are urgently needed to improve the outcomes of this potentially lethal disease.

iron deficiency anemia --- fermented goat milk --- brain molecular functions --- neuroprotective effect --- iron supplementation --- pregnancy --- randomized controlled trial --- serum ferritin --- hemoglobin --- iron status --- iron stores --- HFE gene --- iron --- anemia --- kidney --- hepcidin --- erythropoietin --- celiac disease --- gluten-free diet --- iron deficiency --- micronutrient deficiencies --- infant --- breast milk --- formula milk --- high intensity exercise --- ubiquinol --- hematological parameters --- inflammation --- ergogenic effect --- acai --- erythropoiesis --- anaemia --- altitude adjustment --- haemoglobin --- South Africa --- women of reproductive age --- nutritional adequacy --- children --- fermented cow and goat milk --- iron homeostasis --- iron repletion --- gene and protein expression --- redox unbalance --- prematurity --- transfusion --- blood-sparing

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Sport modalities are highly practiced in order to improve many aspects of human beings, including performance and health. The increasing interest in the quantitative and qualitative aspects of sport training is ascribable to the fact that several training systems and new methodologies are appearing in all sport modalities. These methodologies can have different effects on the organism depending on the degree of training.On the other hand, some of the main objectives in sport research are to describe match activity and to detect effective performance indicators. A better knowledge of players' performance adaptations and game dynamics during competition is extremely useful for optimizing the training process. The need to develop training methodologies according to actions occurring during the game is essential for each sport.

Medicine --- hormones --- LH --- testosterone --- cortisol --- insulin --- athletes --- body alignment --- static balance --- dynamic balance --- basketball --- mouthguard --- microalgae --- soccer --- ergogenic --- ventilatory threshold --- racket sports --- technique --- performance analysis --- tactics --- sport --- vision --- performance --- racquet sports --- professional sport --- game actions --- trace mineral --- runners --- overuse injury --- biomechanics --- home-based exercise --- sustainable development --- SWOT-AHP --- physical activities --- public health --- COVID-19 --- intelligent sports --- iliopsoas --- rectus femoris --- mobility --- flexibility --- tennis --- movement --- physical tests --- athletic performance --- youth sports --- females --- football --- NIRS --- muscle oxygen saturation --- workload --- physiological adaptations --- fatigue and sport performance --- technical indicators --- tactical indicators --- paddle tennis --- trail running --- jump --- neuromuscular --- hydration --- sport vision --- social media --- social network analysis --- Altmetric --- padel --- sports competition --- myokines --- BDNF --- leukemia inhibitory factor --- irisin --- n/a --- running --- economic factors --- sport events --- expertise --- inertial sensors --- kinematic analysis --- perception-action coupling --- visual fixation --- pedaling rate --- pedaling frequency --- fatigability --- EMG --- strength --- water sport --- endurance --- origin --- nationality