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To estimate the reachable specific energy and power of aqueous Li-air batteries, a physical based model was developed, which for the first time includes the microstructure of Li-air cells. Parameters like solid/liquid interface resistances were quantified with help of a newly developed setup. Simulations based on the developed model revealed that even conservative estimations promise an increase in the specific energy by at least a factor of two compared to present Li-ion batteries.

wässrige Lithium-Luft Batterie --- impedance spectroscopy --- equivalent circuit modelling --- Grenzflächen-Untersuchungen --- aqueous lithium-air battery --- Ersatzschaltbildmodellierung --- Impedanzspektroskopie --- interface investigations

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With the rapid evolution of the wireless communications, fifth-generation (5G) communication has received much attention from both academia and industry, with many reported efforts and research outputs and significant improvements in different aspects, such as data rate speed and resolution, mobility, latency, etc. In some countries, the commercialization of 5G communication has already started as well as initial research of beyond technologies such as 6G.MIMO technology with multiple antennas is a promising technology to obtain the requirements of 5G/6G communications. It can significantly enhance the system capacity and resist multipath fading, and has become a hot spot in the field of wireless communications. This technology is a key component and probably the most established to truly reach the promised transfer data rates of future communication systems. In MIMO systems, multiple antennas are deployed at both the transmitter and receiver sides. The greater number of antennas can make the system more resistant to intentional jamming and interference. Massive MIMO with an especially high number of antennas can reduce energy consumption by targeting signals to individual users utilizing beamforming.Apart from sub-6 GHz frequency bands, 5G/6G devices are also expected to cover millimeter-wave (mmWave) and terahertz (THz) spectra. However, moving to higher bands will bring new challenges and will certainly require careful consideration of the antenna design for smart devices. Compact antennas arranged as conformal, planar, and linear arrays can be employed at different portions of base stations and user equipment to form phased arrays with high gain and directional radiation beams. The objective of this Special Issue is to cover all aspects of antenna designs used in existing or future wireless communication systems. The aim is to highlight recent advances, current trends, and possible future developments of 5G/6G antennas.

double-fed slot antenna --- MIMO system --- mobile terminals --- polarization diversity --- UWB technology --- 5G --- future handsets --- modified PIFA --- multi-antenna system --- multi-band operation --- MIMO --- 5G mobile handsets --- dual-band antenna --- microstrip patch antenna --- millimeter-wave --- high gain --- transmitarray (TA) antenna --- metasurface (MS) --- PSO --- side-lobe level (SLL) reduction --- lens antenna --- negative refractive index --- multibeam --- beam scanning --- beyond-5G --- 6G --- interference alignment --- K-User MIMO --- OFDM --- wideband antenna --- MIMO antenna --- four-port wideband antenna --- substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) --- transmission zeros (TZs) --- metallic via --- coupling topology --- antenna array --- antenna measurements --- beam pattern --- beam steering --- equivalent circuit modelling --- transmitarray --- chirality --- dielectric resonator antennas --- metasurfaces --- antipodal Vivaldi antenna (AVA) --- millimeter wave --- compact --- 5G applications --- corrugations --- reconfigurable antennas --- reconfigurable parasitic layers --- antenna optimization --- antenna design --- nonlinear characterization --- behavioral modelling --- x-parameters --- PIN diode --- dielectric resonator antenna --- aperture coupled --- 26 GHz --- small cell --- active metamaterial antenna --- continuous tuning --- resonance blindness --- EM co-simulation --- nonlinear property --- phased array --- massive MIMO --- wideband array --- triangular grid --- n/a

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Like all branches of physics and engineering, electromagnetics relies on mathematical methods for modeling, simulation, and design procedures in all of its aspects (radiation, propagation, scattering, imaging, etc.). Originally, rigorous analytical techniques were the only machinery available to produce any useful results. In the 1960s and 1970s, emphasis was placed on asymptotic techniques, which produced approximations of the fields for very high frequencies when closed-form solutions were not feasible. Later, when computers demonstrated explosive progress, numerical techniques were utilized to develop approximate results of controllable accuracy for arbitrary geometries. In this Special Issue, the most recent advances in the aforementioned approaches are presented to illustrate the state-of-the-art mathematical techniques in electromagnetics.

History of engineering & technology --- cubic-quartic Schrödinger equation --- cubic-quartic resonant Schrödinger equation --- parabolic law --- wave field transformation --- finite difference method --- Cole-Cole model --- Monte Carlo simulations --- percolation --- conductivity --- carbon nanotubes composite --- optical parametric amplification --- non-linear wave mixing --- micro-resonator --- optimization --- MRI system --- birdcage coil --- birdcage configurations --- coil capacitance --- analytical solution --- equivalent circuit modelling --- T-matrix theory --- 3D-EM simulation --- small volume RF coil --- method of auxiliary sources (MAS) --- electromagnetic scattering --- wedge --- numerical methods --- accuracy --- coil gun --- reluctance --- electromagnetic launcher --- mechatronics --- electronics --- mechanics --- simulation --- RoboCup --- magnetic field strength --- magnetic flux density --- magnetic potential --- current density --- power transmission line --- electromagnetic modelling --- integral formulation --- skin effect --- thin shell approach --- mutual inductance --- finite element method --- partial element equivalent circuit method --- magnetite nanoparticles --- Mie scattering theory --- near infrared laser --- photothermal therapy --- bioheat transfer --- diffusion approximation --- Arrhenius integral --- breast cancer --- air-core pulsed alternator --- electromagnetic rail launcher --- coupled analysis --- computational electromagnetics --- integral formulations --- cubic-quartic Schrödinger equation --- cubic-quartic resonant Schrödinger equation --- parabolic law --- wave field transformation --- finite difference method --- Cole-Cole model --- Monte Carlo simulations --- percolation --- conductivity --- carbon nanotubes composite --- optical parametric amplification --- non-linear wave mixing --- micro-resonator --- optimization --- MRI system --- birdcage coil --- birdcage configurations --- coil capacitance --- analytical solution --- equivalent circuit modelling --- T-matrix theory --- 3D-EM simulation --- small volume RF coil --- method of auxiliary sources (MAS) --- electromagnetic scattering --- wedge --- numerical methods --- accuracy --- coil gun --- reluctance --- electromagnetic launcher --- mechatronics --- electronics --- mechanics --- simulation --- RoboCup --- magnetic field strength --- magnetic flux density --- magnetic potential --- current density --- power transmission line --- electromagnetic modelling --- integral formulation --- skin effect --- thin shell approach --- mutual inductance --- finite element method --- partial element equivalent circuit method --- magnetite nanoparticles --- Mie scattering theory --- near infrared laser --- photothermal therapy --- bioheat transfer --- diffusion approximation --- Arrhenius integral --- breast cancer --- air-core pulsed alternator --- electromagnetic rail launcher --- coupled analysis --- computational electromagnetics --- integral formulations

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With the rapid evolution of the wireless communications, fifth-generation (5G) communication has received much attention from both academia and industry, with many reported efforts and research outputs and significant improvements in different aspects, such as data rate speed and resolution, mobility, latency, etc. In some countries, the commercialization of 5G communication has already started as well as initial research of beyond technologies such as 6G.MIMO technology with multiple antennas is a promising technology to obtain the requirements of 5G/6G communications. It can significantly enhance the system capacity and resist multipath fading, and has become a hot spot in the field of wireless communications. This technology is a key component and probably the most established to truly reach the promised transfer data rates of future communication systems. In MIMO systems, multiple antennas are deployed at both the transmitter and receiver sides. The greater number of antennas can make the system more resistant to intentional jamming and interference. Massive MIMO with an especially high number of antennas can reduce energy consumption by targeting signals to individual users utilizing beamforming.Apart from sub-6 GHz frequency bands, 5G/6G devices are also expected to cover millimeter-wave (mmWave) and terahertz (THz) spectra. However, moving to higher bands will bring new challenges and will certainly require careful consideration of the antenna design for smart devices. Compact antennas arranged as conformal, planar, and linear arrays can be employed at different portions of base stations and user equipment to form phased arrays with high gain and directional radiation beams. The objective of this Special Issue is to cover all aspects of antenna designs used in existing or future wireless communication systems. The aim is to highlight recent advances, current trends, and possible future developments of 5G/6G antennas.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- double-fed slot antenna --- MIMO system --- mobile terminals --- polarization diversity --- UWB technology --- 5G --- future handsets --- modified PIFA --- multi-antenna system --- multi-band operation --- MIMO --- 5G mobile handsets --- dual-band antenna --- microstrip patch antenna --- millimeter-wave --- high gain --- transmitarray (TA) antenna --- metasurface (MS) --- PSO --- side-lobe level (SLL) reduction --- lens antenna --- negative refractive index --- multibeam --- beam scanning --- beyond-5G --- 6G --- interference alignment --- K-User MIMO --- OFDM --- wideband antenna --- MIMO antenna --- four-port wideband antenna --- substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) --- transmission zeros (TZs) --- metallic via --- coupling topology --- antenna array --- antenna measurements --- beam pattern --- beam steering --- equivalent circuit modelling --- transmitarray --- chirality --- dielectric resonator antennas --- metasurfaces --- antipodal Vivaldi antenna (AVA) --- millimeter wave --- compact --- 5G applications --- corrugations --- reconfigurable antennas --- reconfigurable parasitic layers --- antenna optimization --- antenna design --- nonlinear characterization --- behavioral modelling --- x-parameters --- PIN diode --- dielectric resonator antenna --- aperture coupled --- 26 GHz --- small cell --- active metamaterial antenna --- continuous tuning --- resonance blindness --- EM co-simulation --- nonlinear property --- phased array --- massive MIMO --- wideband array --- triangular grid --- n/a