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Cardiovascular disease is the main cause of death in the West, and vascular disease is the most common cardiovascular clinical problem. The disease results in serious morbidity and mortality, and carries economic cost implications. While conventional risk factors are well established, and their biomarkers regularly monitored, patients may continue to suffer subclinical active disease, even in the absence of risk factors, until they present with sudden cardiac death or stroke. Early disease detection using direct imaging has shown to be more accurate in identifying vulnerable patients and unstable plaques than conventional risk factors. This IJMS Special Issue deals with the current opinion concerning the state-of-the-art imaging technologies available for clinical applications, and their unique value over the sole use of conventional risk factor analysis, in identifying vulnerable patients, recommending aggressive treatments, prognosticating, and in assessing related nutritional and environmental issues. This Special Issue is the continuation of our 2015 Special Issue “Atherosclerosis and Vascular Imaging”

coronary calcification: a risk or benefit? --- coronary calcification for daily risk assessment --- nutritional influences on cardiovascular calcification --- PET/CT use in assessing lipid cores and their clinical relevance --- environmental influences on cardiovascular calcification --- IMT vs conventional risk factors in improving risk stratification --- vascular calcification challenges in intervention --- vascular imaging for direct treatment delivery --- intima media thickness (imt) accuracy in identifying high risk individuals --- carotid plaque characterization --- MRA for plaque characterization

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The brain sciences are influencing our understanding of human behavior as never before, from neuropsychiatry and neuroeconomics to neurotheology and neuroaesthetics. Many now believe that the brain is what makes us human, and it seems that neuroscientists are poised to become the new experts in the management of human conduct. Neuro describes the key developments--theoretical, technological, economic, and biopolitical--that have enabled the neurosciences to gain such traction outside the laboratory. It explores the ways neurobiological conceptions of personhood are influencing everything from child rearing to criminal justice, and are transforming the ways we "know ourselves" as human beings. In this emerging neuro-ontology, we are not "determined" by our neurobiology: on the contrary, it appears that we can and should seek to improve ourselves by understanding and acting on our brains. Neuro examines the implications of this emerging trend, weighing the promises against the perils, and evaluating some widely held concerns about a neurobiological "colonization" of the social and human sciences. Despite identifying many exaggerated claims and premature promises, Neuro argues that the openness provided by the new styles of thought taking shape in neuroscience, with its contemporary conceptions of the neuromolecular, plastic, and social brain, could make possible a new and productive engagement between the social and brain sciences. Copyright note: Reproduction, including downloading of Joan Miro works is prohibited by copyright laws and international conventions without the express written permission of Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York. ?

Neuropsychology. --- Neurophysiology --- Psychophysiology --- Neuropsychology --- brein --- hersenen --- neurowetenschappen --- Brain --- Neurosciences --- cerveaux --- neurosciences --- methods --- physiopathology --- Neuropsychologie --- Cognitive psychology --- amygdala. --- animal experiments. --- animal models. --- artificiality. --- behavioral research. --- biological processes. --- brain activation. --- brain function. --- brain imaging data. --- brain imaging. --- brain science. --- brain size. --- brain structure. --- clinical medicine. --- cognition. --- criminal conduct. --- criminal justice system. --- emotion. --- environmental influences. --- evolution. --- functional brain imaging. --- gene expression. --- genomics. --- human antisocial behavior. --- human behavior. --- human brain. --- human cognition. --- human sciences. --- mental illness. --- mental life. --- mental processes. --- mental states. --- molecules. --- mouse brain. --- nerve development. --- nervous system. --- neural activity. --- neural mechanisms. --- neuroaesthetics. --- neurobiological evidence. --- neurobiological self. --- neurobiology. --- neuroeconomics. --- neuromolecular brain. --- neuron regeneration. --- neuronal circuits. --- neuropsychiatry. --- neuroscience. --- neurotheology. --- orbital frontal cortex. --- plastic brain. --- plasticity. --- psychiatric classification. --- psychiatric diagnosis. --- psychiatric disorders. --- psychiatric research. --- psychiatry. --- psychology. --- reductionist approach. --- risk assessment. --- risk management. --- risk reduction. --- self-management. --- self-understanding. --- selfhood. --- social brain hypothesis. --- social brain. --- social groups. --- social sciences. --- sociality. --- somatic individuality. --- synaptic plasticity. --- temporal cortex. --- volition.