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Viruses infect numerous microorganisms including, predominantly, Bacteria (bacteriophages or phages) but also Archaea, Protists, and Fungi. They are the most abundant and ubiquitous biological entities on Earth and are important drivers of ecosystem functioning. Little is known, however, about the vast majority of these viruses of microorganisms, or VoMs. Modern techniques such as metagenomics have enabled the discovery and description of more presumptive VoMs than ever before, but also have exposed gaps in our understanding of VoM ecology. Exploring the ecology of these viruses – which is how they interact with host organisms, the abiotic environment, larger organisms, and even other viruses across a variety of environments and conditions – is the next frontier. Integration of a growing molecular understanding of VoMs with ecological studies will expand our knowledge of ecosystem dynamics. Ecology can be studied at multiple levels including individual organisms, populations, communities, whole ecosystems, and the entire biosphere. Ecology additionally can consider normal, equilibrium conditions or instead perturbations. Perturbations are of particular interest because measuring the effect of disturbances on VoM-associated communities provides important windows into how VoMs contribute to ecosystem dynamics. These disturbances in turn can be studied through in vitro, in vivo, and in situ experimentation, measuring responses by VoM-associated communities to changes in nutrient availability, stress, physical disruption, seasonality, etc., and could apply to studies at all ecological levels. These are considered here across diverse systems and environments.

Viruses --- Microorganisms. --- Ecology. --- metaviromes --- environmental disturbance --- phage ecology --- bacteriophages --- phage therapy --- aquatic microbiology --- evolution --- microarrays

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Rising temperatures are affecting organisms in all of Earth's biomes, but the complexity of ecological responses to climate change has hampered the development of a conceptually unified treatment of them. In a remarkably comprehensive synthesis, this book presents past, ongoing, and future ecological responses to climate change in the context of two simplifying hypotheses, facilitation and interference, arguing that biotic interactions may be the primary driver of ecological responses to climate change across all levels of biological organization. Eric Post's synthesis and analyses of ecological consequences of climate change extend from the Late Pleistocene to the present, and through the next century of projected warming. His investigation is grounded in classic themes of enduring interest in ecology, but developed around novel conceptual and mathematical models of observed and predicted dynamics. Using stability theory as a recurring theme, Post argues that the magnitude of climatic variability may be just as important as the magnitude and direction of change in determining whether populations, communities, and species persist. He urges a more refined consideration of species interactions, emphasizing important distinctions between lateral and vertical interactions and their disparate roles in shaping responses of populations, communities, and ecosystems to climate change.

Climatic changes. --- Bioclimatology. --- Bioclimatics --- Biometeorology --- Climatology --- Ecology --- Changes, Climatic --- Changes in climate --- Climate change --- Climate change science --- Climate changes --- Climate variations --- Climatic change --- Climatic changes --- Climatic fluctuations --- Climatic variations --- Global climate changes --- Global climatic changes --- Climate change mitigation --- Teleconnections (Climatology) --- Environmental aspects --- Environmental aspects. --- Bioclimatology --- Global environmental change --- Industrial Revolution. --- Late Pleistocene. --- PleistoceneЈolocene transition. --- abiotic changes. --- abiotic compartments. --- abiotic conditions. --- amphibian breeding. --- biodiversity. --- biome shifts. --- biotic compartments. --- biotic interaction. --- character displacement. --- climate change ecology. --- climate change. --- climatic fluctuation. --- climatic variability. --- coexistence. --- community composition. --- community dynamics. --- community stability. --- competitive interactions. --- density-dependent processes. --- density-independent processes. --- diminishing land ice. --- diminishing sea ice. --- ecological dynamics. --- ecological theory. --- ecology. --- ecosystem carbon dynamics. --- ecosystem components. --- ecosystem dynamics. --- ecosystem function. --- ecosystem respiration. --- ecosystem stability. --- ecosystems. --- egg laying. --- emigration. --- environmental disturbance. --- environmental variability. --- environmental variation. --- extinction. --- facilitation. --- flowering. --- habitat utilization patterns. --- immigration. --- interference. --- life history. --- mass extinctions. --- migration. --- net ecosystem production. --- net primary productivity. --- niche concept. --- niche overlap. --- niche packing. --- niche theory. --- phenological dynamics. --- phenological events. --- phenology. --- plant emergence. --- population dynamics. --- population stability. --- quantitative ecology. --- rapid climate change. --- rapid warming. --- rising temperature. --- speciation. --- species assemblages. --- species distributions. --- species diversity. --- species losses. --- stability theory. --- stochastic environments. --- temperature variability.