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Engineering Energy Storage explains the engineering concepts of different relevant energy technologies in a coherent manner, assessing underlying numerical material to evaluate energy, power, volume, weight and cost of new and existing energy storage systems. With numerical examples and problems with solutions, this fundamental reference on engineering principles gives guidance on energy storage devices, setting up energy system plans for smart grids. Designed for those in traditional fields of science and professional engineers in applied industries with projects related to energy and engineering, this book is an ideal resource on the topic.
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Recommended information for an objective evaluation of an emerging energy storage device or system by a potential user for any stationary application is covered in this document. Energy storage technologies are those that provide a means for the reversible storage of electrical energy, i.e., the device receives electrical energy and is able to discharge electrical energy at a later time. The storage medium may be electrochemical (e.g., batteries), kinetic (e.g., flywheels), electrostatic (e.g., electric double-layer capacitors), thermal, or some other medium. Devices recharged by non-electrical means, such as fuel cells, are beyond the scope of this document. The document provides a common basis for the expression of performance characteristics and the treatment of life-testing data. A standard approach for analysis of failure modes is also provided, including assessment of safety attributes. The intent of this document is to ensure that characterization information, including test conditions and limits of applicability, is sufficiently complete to allow valid comparisons to be made. Keywords: battery, cycling service, electric double-layer capacitor, energy storage, flywheel, standby service, stationary application.
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Guidance for an objective evaluation of lithium-based energy storage technologies by a potential user for any stationary application is provided in this document. IEEE Std 1679-2010, IEEE Recommended Practice for the Characterization and Evaluation of Emerging Energy Storage Technologies in Stationary Applications is to be used in conjunction with this document. Secondary (rechargeable) electro-chemistries with lithium ions as the active species exchanged between the electrodes during charging and discharging are included in the category of lithium-based batteries for the purposes of this document. Lithium-ion, lithium-ion polymer, lithium-metal polymer, and lithium-sulfur batteries are examples of secondary lithium-based batteries. Primary (non-rechargeable) lithium batteries are beyond the scope of this document. A technology description, information on aging and failure modes, a discussion on safety issues, evaluation techniques, and regulatory issues are provided in this document. Sizing, installation, maintenance, and testing techniques are not covered, except insofar as they may influence the evaluation of a lithium-based battery for its intended application.
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Recommended information for an objective evaluation of an emerging or alternative energy storage device or system by a potential user for any stationary application is covered in this document. Energy storage technologies are those that provide a means for the reversible storage of electrical energy, i.e., the device receives electrical energy and is able to discharge electrical energy at a later time. The storage medium may be electrochemical (e.g., batteries), kinetic (e.g., flywheels), electrostatic (e.g., electric double-layer capacitors), thermal, compressed air, or some other medium. Devices recharged by non-electrical means, such as fuel cells, are beyond the scope of this document. The document provides a common basis for the expression of performance characteristics and the treatment of life-testing data. A standard approach for analysis of failure modes is also provided, including assessment of safety attributes. The intent of this document is to ensure that characterization information, including test conditions and limits of applicability, is sufficiently complete to allow valid comparisons to be made.
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The NEIS conference of 2021 was held under special circumstances. Just like last year, the ongoing pandemic prevented us from hosting our conference the usual way. Even more so, Covid showed us once more the high importance of independent, sustainable and reliable energy supply. For over a year now, we all have been forced to adapt our research and general working environment to new and mostly virtual surroundings. Not only does this result in limited research possibilities, but also the personal exchange and the work in research groups was very restricted. This shows that, now more than ever, we need a safe, flexible and reliable energy supply to secure amongst other things also our further digital research exchange. Surely, we will also continue to have more online communication and less presence than before the pandemic. The 9th NEIS conference in 2021 was organized with the technical support of IEEE PES Germany Chapter, of the IEEE Germany Section and with support from the Cluster Agency Renewable Energy Hamburg and 50Hertz Transmission. For the second time in a row, we had to adapt to the ongoing pandemic by hosting the conference completely online. Even though this way of scientific exchange remains unfamiliar and somewhat impersonal, this format allowed the incorporation of even more keynote presentations and webinars than usual. Also, we were able to attract more research from foreign countries, who might not have been able to attend in person. In the end, we can say that we are once more very grateful for the active participation, the interesting scientific discussions and for the very nice atmosphere that we have grown accustomed to over the years. With careful preparation and detailed planning of all eventualities, we look back on a very successful conference that fulfilled all our expectations.
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Uniform technical minimum requirements for the interconnection, capability, and lifetime performance of inverter-based resources interconnecting with transmission and sub-transmission systems are established in this standard. Included in this standard are performance requirements for reliable integration of inverter-based resources into the bulk power system, including, but not limited to, voltage and frequency ride-through, active power control, reactive power control, dynamic active power support under abnormal frequency conditions, dynamic voltage support under abnormal voltage conditions, power quality, negative sequence current injection, and system protection. This standard also applies to isolated inverter-based resources that are interconnected to an ac transmission system via dedicated voltage source converter high-voltage direct current (VSC-HVDC) transmission facilities; in these cases, the standard applies to the combination of the isolated IBRs and the VSC-HVDC facility, and not to an isolated inverter-based resource (IBR) on its own.
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The technical program highlights advances in electricity storage technologies including newer battery technologies, e g expanding lithium and other intercalation topologies, flow battery designs, other zinc derivatives, as well as flywheels, hydrogen storage, pumped storage and compressed air energy storage (CAES) Novel approaches to energy storage such as demand response, long duration, second use battery pro s and cons will also be considered At the same time, the forum highlights advances in power conversion systems that make grid scale as well as distributed renewable energy storage more efficient and effective promotes advances in energy management and device management systems that maximize value while enabling safe and reliable operation and finally, discusses advances in markets, standards, and policy that unlock energy storage as a critical enabler of the clean energy transition.
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Annotation Energy storage can provide numerous beneficial services and cost savings within the electricity grid, especially when facing future challenges like renewable and electric vehicle (EV) integration. Public bodies, private companies and individuals are deploying storage facilities for several purposes, including arbitrage, grid support, renewable generation, and demand-side management. Storage deployment can therefore yield benefits like reduced frequency fluctuation, better asset utilisation and more predictable power profiles. Such uses of energy storage can reduce the cost of energy, reduce the strain on the grid, reduce the environmental impact of energy use, and prepare the network for future challenges. This Special Issue of Energies explore the latest developments in the control of energy storage in support of the wider energy network, and focus on the control of storage rather than the storage technology itself.
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