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Despite recent advances in the management of severe sepsis and septic shock, this condition continues to be the leading cause of death worldwide. Some experts usually consider sepsis as one of the most challenging syndromes because of its multiple presentations and the variety of its complications. Various investigators from all over the world got their chance in this book to provide important information regarding this deadly disease . We hope that the efforts of these investigators will result in a useful way to continue with intense work and interest for the care of our patients.

Septic shock. --- Bacteremic shock --- Bacterial shock --- Endotoxic shock --- Endotoxin shock --- Septicemia --- Shock --- Accident & emergency medicine

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Cette deuxième édition présente les éléments majeurs de la physiopathologie et rassemble des données habituellement éparses sur la réanimation du sepsis grave et le traitement antibiotique, arme majeure pour réduire la mortalité. Il fait le point sur les thérapeutiques les plus récentes. Les médecins réanimateurs trouveront dans les pages de cet ouvrage de quoi établir une stratégie raisonnée, efficace et actualisée pour la prise en charge du sepsis sévère et du choc septique.

Septicemia. --- Septic shock. --- Bacteremic shock --- Bacterial shock --- Endotoxic shock --- Endotoxin shock --- Septicemia --- Shock --- Blood poisoning --- Poisoning, Blood --- Sepsis --- Septicaemia --- Blood --- Communicable diseases --- Diseases

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Cancer remains a major challenge for modern society. Not only does cancer rank among the first three causes of mortality in most population groups but also the therapeutic options available for most tumor types are limited. The existing ones have limited efficacy, lack specificity and their administration carry major side effects. Hence the urgent need for novel cancer therapies. One of the most promising avenues in research is the use of specific immunotherapy. The notion that the immune system may have important anti-tumor effects has been around for more than a century now. Every major progress in microbiology and immunology has been immediately followed by attempts to apply the new knowledge to the treatment of cancer. Progress has reached a point where it is well established that most cancer patients mount specific T cell responses against their tumors. The molecular identity of the antigens recognized by anti-tumor T cells has been elucidated and several hundreds of tumor-derived antigenic peptides have been discovered. Upon recognition of such peptides presented by self MHC molecules, both CD8 and CD4 T cells are activated, expand to high numbers and differentiate into effective anti-tumor agents. CD8 T cells directly destroy tumor cells and can cause even large tumors to completely regress in experimental mouse models. These observations have spurred intense research activity aimed at designing and testing cancer vaccines. Over 100 years ago Coley successfully used intratumoral injection of killed bacteria to treat sarcomas. The important anti-tumor effects observed in a fraction of these patients fueled major research efforts. These led to major discoveries in the 80s and the 90s. It turns out that bacterial lipopolysaccharides stimulate the production of massive amounts of a cytokine still known today as tumor necrosis factor (TNF-a). They do so by engagement of a rather complex set of interactions culminating in the ligation of a Toll-like receptor, TLR -4. Ensuing signaling through this receptor initiates potent innate immune responses. Unfortunately the clinical use of both TNF-a and LPS can not be generalized due to their very narrow therapeutic margin. Importantly, synthetic Lipid A analogs have been identified that retain useful bioactivity and yet possess only mild toxicity. The relatively large body of information accumulated thus far on the molecular and cellular interactions set in motion by administration of LPS as well as by the synthetic lipid A analogs allow to place this family of bacterially-derived molecules at the crossroads between innate and adaptive immunity. By virtue of this key position, the therapeutic applications being pursued aim at using these compounds either as direct anti-tumor agents or as vaccine adjuvants. The clinical experience acquired so far on these two avenues is asymmetric. Few clinical trials using Lipid A analogs as single anti-cancer agents involving less than 100 patients with advanced cancer have been reported. In contrast, lipid A has been tested in over 300,000 individuals in various vaccines trials, including therapeutic cancer vaccines. Clearly most of the work needed to develop lipid A as effective anti-cancer agents and/or as vaccine adjuvant lies ahead in the near future. This book is a timely contribution and provides a much needed up-to-date overview of the chemical, biological and physiological aspects of lipid A. It should be a beacon to all those involved in this field of research.

Cancer --- Microbial lipids --- Endotoxins --- Bacterial pyrogens --- Endotoxin --- Lipopolysaccharides, Microbial --- Microbial lipopolysaccharides --- Immunotherapy. --- Therapeutic use. --- Medicine. --- Biomedicine. --- Biomedicine general. --- Clinical sciences --- Medical profession --- Human biology --- Life sciences --- Medical sciences --- Pathology --- Physicians --- Bacterial cell walls --- Bacterial toxins --- Gram-negative bacteria --- Microbial polysaccharides --- Pyrogens --- Lipids --- Immunological aspects --- Treatment --- Health Workforce --- Biomedicine, general.

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Sepsis is an important public health problem around the world. Severe sepsis carries significant morbidity, mortality and high costs. The incidence of sepsis is increasing because of the aging population, the growing number of immunocompromised hosts, the increasing use of invasive procedures, and, to a lesser extent, antibiotic resistance among pathogens. Despite recent advances in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapeutic approaches the mortality rate associated with this condition remains high. Therefore, the goal of Sepsis: New Strategies is to review novel targets to be considered in patients with severe sepsis and to assess new developments for patients with sepsis originating in the respiratory tract.

Septicemia --- Septic shock --- Treatment. --- Bacteremic shock --- Bacterial shock --- Endotoxic shock --- Endotoxin shock --- Shock --- Blood poisoning --- Poisoning, Blood --- Sepsis --- Septicaemia --- Blood --- Communicable diseases --- Diseases --- Critical care medicine. --- Internal medicine. --- Emerging infectious diseases. --- Intensive / Critical Care Medicine. --- Internal Medicine. --- Infectious Diseases. --- Emerging infections --- New infectious diseases --- Re-emerging infectious diseases --- Reemerging infectious diseases --- Medicine, Internal --- Medicine --- Intensive care --- Intensive medicine --- Emergency medicine --- Intensive care units --- Infectious diseases.

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Endotoxins --- Endotoxins. --- Immunity, Natural. --- Endotoxines --- Immunity, Innate. --- Innate Immune Response --- Innate Immunity --- Immunity, Native --- Immunity, Natural --- Immunity, Non-Specific --- Resistance, Natural --- Immune Response, Innate --- Immune Responses, Innate --- Immunity, Non Specific --- Innate Immune Responses --- Native Immunity --- Natural Immunity --- Natural Resistance --- Non-Specific Immunity --- Bacterial pyrogens --- Endotoxin --- Lipopolysaccharides, Microbial --- Microbial lipopolysaccharides --- Bacterial cell walls --- Bacterial toxins --- Gram-negative bacteria --- Microbial lipids --- Microbial polysaccharides --- Pyrogens --- Receptors, Pattern Recognition --- Adaptive Immunity --- Inflammasomes --- Immunity, Innate --- Inflammation --- Health Sciences --- Physiology --- immunology --- immune recognition --- immune response --- endotoxins --- innate immunity