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How complex systems theory sheds new light on the adaptive dynamics of viral populationsViruses are everywhere, infecting all sorts of living organisms, from the tiniest bacteria to the largest mammals. Many are harmful parasites, but viruses also play a major role as drivers of our evolution as a species and are essential regulators of the composition and complexity of ecosystems on a global scale. This concise book draws on complex systems theory to provide a fresh look at viral origins, populations, and evolution, and the coevolutionary dynamics of viruses and their hosts.New viruses continue to emerge that threaten people, crops, and farm animals. Viruses constantly evade our immune systems, and antiviral therapies and vaccination campaigns can be powerless against them. These unique characteristics of virus biology are a consequence of their tremendous evolutionary potential, which enables viruses to quickly adapt to any environmental challenge. Ricard Solé and Santiago Elena present a unified framework for understanding viruses as complex adaptive systems. They show how the application of complex systems theory to viral dynamics has provided new insights into the development of AIDS in patients infected with HIV-1, the emergence of new antigenic variants of the influenza A virus, and other cutting-edge advances.Essential reading for biologists, physicists, and mathematicians interested in complexity, Viruses as Complex Adaptive Systems also extends the analogy of viruses to the evolution of other replicators such as computer viruses, cancer, and languages.

Viruses. --- AIDS. --- Alan Turing. --- Arenavirus. --- Ebola. --- HIV infection. --- HIV-1 transmission. --- HIV-1. --- Hantavirus. --- RNA virus. --- SIS model. --- adaptation. --- antigenic dynamics. --- cellular origin hypothesis. --- complex adaptive system. --- computational objects. --- computer virus. --- cultural evolution. --- ecosystem regulation. --- emerging virus. --- epidemics. --- epitasis. --- evolution. --- evolutionary dynamics. --- evolutionary virology. --- fitness landscape. --- genetic diversity. --- genome reduction. --- human genome. --- human immunodeficiency virus. --- immune system. --- living organisms. --- mutation. --- mutational robustness. --- outbreaks. --- parasite. --- parasites. --- pathogenic viruses. --- population dynamics. --- populations. --- protobiont hypothesis. --- regressive hypothesis. --- replicating machine. --- scale-free networks. --- spatial dynamics. --- viral dynamics. --- viral quasispecies. --- viral symbiosis. --- viral universe. --- virus biology. --- virus dynamics. --- virus landscape. --- virus origins. --- virus-host interaction. --- viruses. --- virus-host interactions.

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This compilation of articles elaborates on plant virus diseases that are among the most recent epidemiological concerns. The chapters explore several paradigms in plant virus epidemiology, outbreaks, epidemics, and pandemics paralleling zoonotic viruses and that can be consequential to global food security. There is evidence that the local, regional, national, and global trade of agricultural products has aided the global dispersal of plant virus diseases. Expanding farmlands into pristine natural areas has created opportunities for viruses in native landscapes to invade crops, while the movement of food and food products disseminates viruses, creating epidemics or pandemics. Moreover, plant virus outbreaks not only directly impact food supply, but also incidentally affect human health.

Research & information: general --- sugar beet --- rhizomania --- RNAseq --- virus --- necrovirus --- helper virus --- Aphis gossypii --- Cucumis melo --- cucurbit viruses --- disease progress curve --- insect trapping --- logistic model --- Spearman correlation --- temporal dynamics --- Bunyavirale --- RNA virus --- emerging virus --- virus evolution --- plant virus --- cophylogeny --- hallmark genes --- common bean --- Phaseolus vulgaris --- cytorhabdovirus --- whitefly --- Bemisia tabaci --- vector --- virus transmission --- ToTV --- emerging disease --- prevalence --- whole-genome sequencing --- phylogeny --- tomato torrado virus --- sGFP --- plant pathology --- infectious clone --- plant-virus interaction --- pandemics --- epidemics --- global --- disease --- threat --- food insecurity --- crop losses --- crop failure --- indigenous viruses --- introduced crops --- new encounter --- spillover --- developing countries --- domestication centers --- sub–Saharan Africa --- Potyviruses --- whole genome sequencing --- epidemiology --- virus resistance --- virus host interactions --- plant viruses --- viral vectors --- plant diseases --- virus spread --- biopharming --- vaccines --- viruses --- Nicotiana benthamiana --- COVID-19 --- plant-based biologics production --- n/a --- sub-Saharan Africa

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Arthropod-borne viruses affect billions of people around the world and comprise a significant proportion of emerging human pathogens. This Special Issue provides a global perspective on emerging arboviruses in endemic regions, as well as areas of introduction. Articles span entomological, clinical, and epidemiological aspects of West Nile virus, Rift Valley fever virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, Zika virus, chikungunya virus, Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus.

Humanities --- Social interaction --- mosquito --- vector --- host --- bloodmeal --- arbovirus --- Borneo --- land cover and land use change --- Aedes --- dengue virus --- dengue --- zika --- chikungunya --- coronavirus --- co-endemic --- Rift Valley fever (RVF) --- arboviruses --- mosquito-borne viruses --- zoonoses --- One Health --- travel medicine --- livestock --- viral emergence --- emerging virus --- outbreak --- surveillance --- trap --- Culex --- Zika virus --- West Nile virus --- Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus --- interagency --- response --- coordination --- vaccine --- alphaviruses emergence --- molecular epidemiology --- human infection --- spillover --- animal-human interface --- Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever --- tick-borne virus --- outbreak response --- tick --- risk reduction --- vertical dispersal --- high-rise residences --- Ixodes ricinus --- knowledge --- risk perception --- tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) --- occupational physicians --- Zika --- tropical disease --- epidemiology --- border health --- West Nile Virus --- mosquitos --- Flavivirus --- artropodes --- neuroinvasiveness --- emerging infectious diseases --- one health --- vector-borne diseases

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Arthropod-borne viruses affect billions of people around the world and comprise a significant proportion of emerging human pathogens. This Special Issue provides a global perspective on emerging arboviruses in endemic regions, as well as areas of introduction. Articles span entomological, clinical, and epidemiological aspects of West Nile virus, Rift Valley fever virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, Zika virus, chikungunya virus, Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus.

mosquito --- vector --- host --- bloodmeal --- arbovirus --- Borneo --- land cover and land use change --- Aedes --- dengue virus --- dengue --- zika --- chikungunya --- coronavirus --- co-endemic --- Rift Valley fever (RVF) --- arboviruses --- mosquito-borne viruses --- zoonoses --- One Health --- travel medicine --- livestock --- viral emergence --- emerging virus --- outbreak --- surveillance --- trap --- Culex --- Zika virus --- West Nile virus --- Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus --- interagency --- response --- coordination --- vaccine --- alphaviruses emergence --- molecular epidemiology --- human infection --- spillover --- animal-human interface --- Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever --- tick-borne virus --- outbreak response --- tick --- risk reduction --- vertical dispersal --- high-rise residences --- Ixodes ricinus --- knowledge --- risk perception --- tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) --- occupational physicians --- Zika --- tropical disease --- epidemiology --- border health --- West Nile Virus --- mosquitos --- Flavivirus --- artropodes --- neuroinvasiveness --- emerging infectious diseases --- one health --- vector-borne diseases