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This open access book systematically explores the statistical characteristics of cryptographic systems, the computational complexity theory of cryptographic algorithms and the mathematical principles behind various encryption and decryption algorithms. The theory stems from technology. Based on Shannon's information theory, this book systematically introduces the information theory, statistical characteristics and computational complexity theory of public key cryptography, focusing on the three main algorithms of public key cryptography, RSA, discrete logarithm and elliptic curve cryptosystem. It aims to indicate what it is and why it is. It systematically simplifies and combs the theory and technology of lattice cryptography, which is the greatest feature of this book. It requires a good knowledge in algebra, number theory and probability statistics for readers to read this book. The senior students majoring in mathematics, compulsory for cryptography and science and engineering postgraduates will find this book helpful. It can also be used as the main reference book for researchers in cryptography and cryptographic engineering areas.

Computer science --- Financial engineering. --- Social sciences --- Mathematics. --- Computational finance --- Engineering, Financial --- Finance --- Computer mathematics --- Electronic data processing --- Mathematics --- Modern Cryptography --- Computational Complexity --- Hamming Distance --- Shannon Theorem --- Source Coding Theorem --- Optimal Code Theory --- Statistical Characteristics of Cryptosystem --- Elliptic Curve Public Key Cryptosystem --- Integer Lattice and Q-ary Lattice --- NTRU Cryptosystem and Ajtai/Dwork Cryptosystem

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This book aims first to prove the local Langlands conjecture for GLn over a p-adic field and, second, to identify the action of the decomposition group at a prime of bad reduction on the l-adic cohomology of the "simple" Shimura varieties. These two problems go hand in hand. The results represent a major advance in algebraic number theory, finally proving the conjecture first proposed in Langlands's 1969 Washington lecture as a non-abelian generalization of local class field theory. The local Langlands conjecture for GLn(K), where K is a p-adic field, asserts the existence of a correspondence, with certain formal properties, relating n-dimensional representations of the Galois group of K with the representation theory of the locally compact group GLn(K). This book constructs a candidate for such a local Langlands correspondence on the vanishing cycles attached to the bad reduction over the integer ring of K of a certain family of Shimura varieties. And it proves that this is roughly compatible with the global Galois correspondence realized on the cohomology of the same Shimura varieties. The local Langlands conjecture is obtained as a corollary. Certain techniques developed in this book should extend to more general Shimura varieties, providing new instances of the local Langlands conjecture. Moreover, the geometry of the special fibers is strictly analogous to that of Shimura curves and can be expected to have applications to a variety of questions in number theory.

Mathematics --- Shimura varieties. --- MATHEMATICS / Number Theory. --- Varieties, Shimura --- Arithmetical algebraic geometry --- Math --- Science --- Abelian variety. --- Absolute value. --- Algebraic group. --- Algebraically closed field. --- Artinian. --- Automorphic form. --- Base change. --- Bijection. --- Canonical map. --- Codimension. --- Coefficient. --- Cohomology. --- Compactification (mathematics). --- Conjecture. --- Corollary. --- Dimension (vector space). --- Dimension. --- Direct limit. --- Division algebra. --- Eigenvalues and eigenvectors. --- Elliptic curve. --- Embedding. --- Equivalence class. --- Equivalence of categories. --- Existence theorem. --- Field of fractions. --- Finite field. --- Function field. --- Functor. --- Galois cohomology. --- Galois group. --- Generic point. --- Geometry. --- Hasse invariant. --- Infinitesimal character. --- Integer. --- Inverse system. --- Isomorphism class. --- Lie algebra. --- Local class field theory. --- Maximal torus. --- Modular curve. --- Moduli space. --- Monic polynomial. --- P-adic number. --- Prime number. --- Profinite group. --- Residue field. --- Ring of integers. --- Separable extension. --- Sheaf (mathematics). --- Shimura variety. --- Simple group. --- Special case. --- Spectral sequence. --- Square root. --- Subset. --- Tate module. --- Theorem. --- Transcendence degree. --- Unitary group. --- Valuative criterion. --- Variable (mathematics). --- Vector space. --- Weil group. --- Weil pairing. --- Zariski topology.

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The first part of this monograph is devoted to a characterization of hypergeometric-like functions, that is, twists of hypergeometric functions in n-variables. These are treated as an (n+1) dimensional vector space of multivalued locally holomorphic functions defined on the space of n+3 tuples of distinct points on the projective line P modulo, the diagonal section of Auto P=m. For n=1, the characterization may be regarded as a generalization of Riemann's classical theorem characterizing hypergeometric functions by their exponents at three singular points. This characterization permits the authors to compare monodromy groups corresponding to different parameters and to prove commensurability modulo inner automorphisms of PU(1,n). The book includes an investigation of elliptic and parabolic monodromy groups, as well as hyperbolic monodromy groups. The former play a role in the proof that a surprising number of lattices in PU(1,2) constructed as the fundamental groups of compact complex surfaces with constant holomorphic curvature are in fact conjugate to projective monodromy groups of hypergeometric functions. The characterization of hypergeometric-like functions by their exponents at the divisors "at infinity" permits one to prove generalizations in n-variables of the Kummer identities for n-1 involving quadratic and cubic changes of the variable.

Hypergeometric functions. --- Monodromy groups. --- Lattice theory. --- Abuse of notation. --- Algebraic variety. --- Analytic continuation. --- Arithmetic group. --- Automorphism. --- Bernhard Riemann. --- Big O notation. --- Codimension. --- Coefficient. --- Cohomology. --- Commensurability (mathematics). --- Compactification (mathematics). --- Complete quadrangle. --- Complex number. --- Complex space. --- Conjugacy class. --- Connected component (graph theory). --- Coprime integers. --- Cube root. --- Derivative. --- Diagonal matrix. --- Differential equation. --- Dimension (vector space). --- Discrete group. --- Divisor (algebraic geometry). --- Divisor. --- Eigenvalues and eigenvectors. --- Ellipse. --- Elliptic curve. --- Equation. --- Existential quantification. --- Fiber bundle. --- Finite group. --- First principle. --- Fundamental group. --- Gelfand. --- Holomorphic function. --- Hypergeometric function. --- Hyperplane. --- Hypersurface. --- Integer. --- Inverse function. --- Irreducible component. --- Irreducible representation. --- Isolated point. --- Isomorphism class. --- Line bundle. --- Linear combination. --- Linear differential equation. --- Local coordinates. --- Local system. --- Locally finite collection. --- Mathematical proof. --- Minkowski space. --- Moduli space. --- Monodromy. --- Morphism. --- Multiplicative group. --- Neighbourhood (mathematics). --- Open set. --- Orbifold. --- Permutation. --- Picard group. --- Point at infinity. --- Polynomial ring. --- Projective line. --- Projective plane. --- Projective space. --- Root of unity. --- Second derivative. --- Simple group. --- Smoothness. --- Subgroup. --- Subset. --- Symmetry group. --- Tangent space. --- Tangent. --- Theorem. --- Transversal (geometry). --- Uniqueness theorem. --- Variable (mathematics). --- Vector space.

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Written for advanced undergraduate and first-year graduate students, this book aims to introduce students to a serious level of p-adic analysis with important implications for number theory. The main object is the study of G-series, that is, power series y=aij=0 Ajxj with coefficients in an algebraic number field K. These series satisfy a linear differential equation Ly=0 with LIK(x) [d/dx] and have non-zero radii of convergence for each imbedding of K into the complex numbers. They have the further property that the common denominators of the first s coefficients go to infinity geometrically with the index s. After presenting a review of valuation theory and elementary p-adic analysis together with an application to the congruence zeta function, this book offers a detailed study of the p-adic properties of formal power series solutions of linear differential equations. In particular, the p-adic radii of convergence and the p-adic growth of coefficients are studied. Recent work of Christol, Bombieri, André, and Dwork is treated and augmented. The book concludes with Chudnovsky's theorem: the analytic continuation of a G -series is again a G -series. This book will be indispensable for those wishing to study the work of Bombieri and André on global relations and for the study of the arithmetic properties of solutions of ordinary differential equations.

Analyse p-adique --- H-fonction --- H-functie --- H-function --- p-adic analyse --- p-adic analysis --- H-functions --- H-functions. --- p-adic analysis. --- Analysis, p-adic --- Algebra --- Calculus --- Geometry, Algebraic --- Fox's H-function --- G-functions, Generalized --- Generalized G-functions --- Generalized Mellin-Barnes functions --- Mellin-Barnes functions, Generalized --- Hypergeometric functions --- Adjoint. --- Algebraic Method. --- Algebraic closure. --- Algebraic number field. --- Algebraic number theory. --- Algebraic variety. --- Algebraically closed field. --- Analytic continuation. --- Analytic function. --- Argument principle. --- Arithmetic. --- Automorphism. --- Bearing (navigation). --- Binomial series. --- Calculation. --- Cardinality. --- Cartesian coordinate system. --- Cauchy sequence. --- Cauchy's theorem (geometry). --- Coefficient. --- Cohomology. --- Commutative ring. --- Complete intersection. --- Complex analysis. --- Conjecture. --- Density theorem. --- Differential equation. --- Dimension (vector space). --- Direct sum. --- Discrete valuation. --- Eigenvalues and eigenvectors. --- Elliptic curve. --- Equation. --- Equivalence class. --- Estimation. --- Existential quantification. --- Exponential function. --- Exterior algebra. --- Field of fractions. --- Finite field. --- Formal power series. --- Fuchs' theorem. --- G-module. --- Galois extension. --- Galois group. --- General linear group. --- Generic point. --- Geometry. --- Hypergeometric function. --- Identity matrix. --- Inequality (mathematics). --- Intercept method. --- Irreducible element. --- Irreducible polynomial. --- Laurent series. --- Limit of a sequence. --- Linear differential equation. --- Lowest common denominator. --- Mathematical induction. --- Meromorphic function. --- Modular arithmetic. --- Module (mathematics). --- Monodromy. --- Monotonic function. --- Multiplicative group. --- Natural number. --- Newton polygon. --- Number theory. --- P-adic number. --- Parameter. --- Permutation. --- Polygon. --- Polynomial. --- Projective line. --- Q.E.D. --- Quadratic residue. --- Radius of convergence. --- Rational function. --- Rational number. --- Residue field. --- Riemann hypothesis. --- Ring of integers. --- Root of unity. --- Separable polynomial. --- Sequence. --- Siegel's lemma. --- Special case. --- Square root. --- Subring. --- Subset. --- Summation. --- Theorem. --- Topology of uniform convergence. --- Transpose. --- Triangle inequality. --- Unipotent. --- Valuation ring. --- Weil conjecture. --- Wronskian. --- Y-intercept.

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In this monograph p-adic period domains are associated to arbitrary reductive groups. Using the concept of rigid-analytic period maps the relation of p-adic period domains to moduli space of p-divisible groups is investigated. In addition, non-archimedean uniformization theorems for general Shimura varieties are established. The exposition includes background material on Grothendieck's "mysterious functor" (Fontaine theory), on moduli problems of p-divisible groups, on rigid analytic spaces, and on the theory of Shimura varieties, as well as an exposition of some aspects of Drinfelds' original construction. In addition, the material is illustrated throughout the book with numerous examples.

p-adic groups --- p-divisible groups --- Moduli theory --- 512.7 --- Theory of moduli --- Analytic spaces --- Functions of several complex variables --- Geometry, Algebraic --- Groups, p-divisible --- Group schemes (Mathematics) --- Groups, p-adic --- Group theory --- Algebraic geometry. Commutative rings and algebras --- 512.7 Algebraic geometry. Commutative rings and algebras --- p-divisible groups. --- Moduli theory. --- p-adic groups. --- Abelian variety. --- Addition. --- Alexander Grothendieck. --- Algebraic closure. --- Algebraic number field. --- Algebraic space. --- Algebraically closed field. --- Artinian ring. --- Automorphism. --- Base change. --- Basis (linear algebra). --- Big O notation. --- Bilinear form. --- Canonical map. --- Cohomology. --- Cokernel. --- Commutative algebra. --- Commutative ring. --- Complex multiplication. --- Conjecture. --- Covering space. --- Degenerate bilinear form. --- Diagram (category theory). --- Dimension (vector space). --- Dimension. --- Duality (mathematics). --- Elementary function. --- Epimorphism. --- Equation. --- Existential quantification. --- Fiber bundle. --- Field of fractions. --- Finite field. --- Formal scheme. --- Functor. --- Galois group. --- General linear group. --- Geometric invariant theory. --- Hensel's lemma. --- Homomorphism. --- Initial and terminal objects. --- Inner automorphism. --- Integral domain. --- Irreducible component. --- Isogeny. --- Isomorphism class. --- Linear algebra. --- Linear algebraic group. --- Local ring. --- Local system. --- Mathematical induction. --- Maximal ideal. --- Maximal torus. --- Module (mathematics). --- Moduli space. --- Monomorphism. --- Morita equivalence. --- Morphism. --- Multiplicative group. --- Noetherian ring. --- Open set. --- Orthogonal basis. --- Orthogonal complement. --- Orthonormal basis. --- P-adic number. --- Parity (mathematics). --- Period mapping. --- Prime element. --- Prime number. --- Projective line. --- Projective space. --- Quaternion algebra. --- Reductive group. --- Residue field. --- Rigid analytic space. --- Semisimple algebra. --- Sheaf (mathematics). --- Shimura variety. --- Special case. --- Subalgebra. --- Subgroup. --- Subset. --- Summation. --- Supersingular elliptic curve. --- Support (mathematics). --- Surjective function. --- Symmetric bilinear form. --- Symmetric space. --- Tate module. --- Tensor algebra. --- Tensor product. --- Theorem. --- Topological ring. --- Topology. --- Torsor (algebraic geometry). --- Uniformization theorem. --- Uniformization. --- Unitary group. --- Weil group. --- Zariski topology.