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This book is devoted to the latest advances in the area of electrothermal modelling of electronic components and networks. It contains eight sections by different teams of authors. These sections contain the results of: (a) electro-thermal simulations of SiC power MOSFETs using a SPICE-like simulation program; (b) modelling thermal properties of inductors taking into account the influence of the core volume on the efficiency of heat removal; (c) investigations into the problem of inserting a temperature sensor in the neighbourhood of a chip to monitor its junction temperature; (d) computations of the internal temperature of power LEDs situated in modules containing multiple-power LEDs, taking into account both self-heating in each power LED and mutual thermal couplings between each diode; (e) analyses of DC-DC converters using the electrothermal averaged model of the diode–transistor switch, including an IGBT and a rapid-switching diode; (f) electrothermal modelling of SiC power BJTs; (g) analysis of the efficiency of selected algorithms used for solving heat transfer problems at nanoscale; (h) analysis related to thermal simulation of the test structure dedicated to heat-diffusion investigation at the nanoscale.

History of engineering & technology --- Dual-Phase-Lag heat transfer model --- thermal simulation algorithm --- thermal measurements --- Finite Difference Method scheme --- Grünwald–Letnikov fractional derivative --- Krylov subspace-based model order reduction --- algorithm efficiency analysis --- relative error analysis --- algorithm convergence analysis --- computational complexity analysis --- finite difference method scheme --- BJT --- modelling --- self-heating --- silicon carbide --- SPICE --- IGBT --- DC–DC converter --- electrothermal model --- averaged model --- thermal phenomena --- diode–transistor switch --- power electronics --- multi-LED lighting modules --- device thermal coupling --- compact thermal models --- temperature sensors --- microprocessor --- throughput improvement --- inductors --- ferromagnetic cores --- thermal model --- transient thermal impedance --- thermal resistance --- electrothermal (ET) simulation --- finite-element method (FEM) --- model-order reduction (MOR) --- multicellular power MOSFET --- silicon carbide (SiC)

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This book is devoted to the latest advances in the area of electrothermal modelling of electronic components and networks. It contains eight sections by different teams of authors. These sections contain the results of: (a) electro-thermal simulations of SiC power MOSFETs using a SPICE-like simulation program; (b) modelling thermal properties of inductors taking into account the influence of the core volume on the efficiency of heat removal; (c) investigations into the problem of inserting a temperature sensor in the neighbourhood of a chip to monitor its junction temperature; (d) computations of the internal temperature of power LEDs situated in modules containing multiple-power LEDs, taking into account both self-heating in each power LED and mutual thermal couplings between each diode; (e) analyses of DC-DC converters using the electrothermal averaged model of the diode–transistor switch, including an IGBT and a rapid-switching diode; (f) electrothermal modelling of SiC power BJTs; (g) analysis of the efficiency of selected algorithms used for solving heat transfer problems at nanoscale; (h) analysis related to thermal simulation of the test structure dedicated to heat-diffusion investigation at the nanoscale.

History of engineering & technology --- Dual-Phase-Lag heat transfer model --- thermal simulation algorithm --- thermal measurements --- Finite Difference Method scheme --- Grünwald–Letnikov fractional derivative --- Krylov subspace-based model order reduction --- algorithm efficiency analysis --- relative error analysis --- algorithm convergence analysis --- computational complexity analysis --- finite difference method scheme --- BJT --- modelling --- self-heating --- silicon carbide --- SPICE --- IGBT --- DC–DC converter --- electrothermal model --- averaged model --- thermal phenomena --- diode–transistor switch --- power electronics --- multi-LED lighting modules --- device thermal coupling --- compact thermal models --- temperature sensors --- microprocessor --- throughput improvement --- inductors --- ferromagnetic cores --- thermal model --- transient thermal impedance --- thermal resistance --- electrothermal (ET) simulation --- finite-element method (FEM) --- model-order reduction (MOR) --- multicellular power MOSFET --- silicon carbide (SiC) --- Dual-Phase-Lag heat transfer model --- thermal simulation algorithm --- thermal measurements --- Finite Difference Method scheme --- Grünwald–Letnikov fractional derivative --- Krylov subspace-based model order reduction --- algorithm efficiency analysis --- relative error analysis --- algorithm convergence analysis --- computational complexity analysis --- finite difference method scheme --- BJT --- modelling --- self-heating --- silicon carbide --- SPICE --- IGBT --- DC–DC converter --- electrothermal model --- averaged model --- thermal phenomena --- diode–transistor switch --- power electronics --- multi-LED lighting modules --- device thermal coupling --- compact thermal models --- temperature sensors --- microprocessor --- throughput improvement --- inductors --- ferromagnetic cores --- thermal model --- transient thermal impedance --- thermal resistance --- electrothermal (ET) simulation --- finite-element method (FEM) --- model-order reduction (MOR) --- multicellular power MOSFET --- silicon carbide (SiC)

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Microelectrode arrays are increasingly used in a wide variety of situations in the medical device sector. For example, one major challenge in microfluidic devices is the manipulation of fluids and droplets effectively at such scales. Due to the laminar flow regime (i.e., low Reynolds number) in microfluidic devices, the mixing of species is also difficult, and unless an active mixing strategy is employed, passive diffusion is the only mechanism that causes the fluid to mix. For many applications, diffusion is considered too slow, and thus many active pumping and mixing strategies have been employed using electrokinetic methods, which utilize a variety of simple and complex microelectrode array structures. Microelectrodes have also been implemented in in vitro intracellular delivery platforms to conduct cell electroporation on chip, where a highly localized electric field on the scale of a single cell is generated to enhance the uptake of extracellular material. In addition, microelectrode arrays are utilized in different microfluidic biosensing modalities, where a higher sensitivity, selectivity, and limit-of-detection are desired. Carbon nanotube microelectrode arrays are used for DNA detection, multi-electrode array chips are used for drug discovery, and there has been an explosion of research into brain–machine interfaces, fueled by microfabricated electrode arrays, both planar and three-dimensional. The advantages associated with microelectrode arrays include small size, the ability to manufacture repeatedly and reliably tens to thousands of micro-electrodes on both rigid and flexible substrates, and their utility for both in vitro and in vivo applications. To realize their full potential, there is a need to develop and integrate microelectrode arrays to form useful medical device systems. As the field of microelectrode array research is wide, and touches many application areas, it is often difficult to locate a single source of relevant information. This Special Issue seeks to showcase research papers, short communications, and review articles, that focus on the application of microelectrode arrays in the medical device sector. Particular interest will be paid to innovative application areas that can improve existing medical devices, such as for neuromodulation and real world lab-on-a-chip applications.

electrothermal --- microelectrode --- microfluidics --- micromixing --- micropump --- alternating current (AC) electrokinetics --- bisphenol A --- self-assembly --- biosensor --- flexible electrode --- polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) --- pyramid array micro-structures --- low contact impedance --- multimodal laser micromachining --- ablation characteristics --- shadow mask --- interdigitated electrodes --- soft sensors --- liquid metal --- fabrication --- principle --- arrays --- application --- induced-charge electrokinetic phenomenon --- ego-dielectrophoresis --- mobile electrode --- Janus microsphere --- continuous biomolecule collection --- electroconvection --- microelectrode array (MEA) --- ion beam assisted electron beam deposition (IBAD) --- indium tin oxide (ITO) --- titanium nitride (TiN) --- neurons --- transparent --- islets of Langerhans --- insulin secretion --- glucose stimulated insulin response --- electrochemical transduction --- intracortical microelectrode arrays --- shape memory polymer --- softening --- robust --- brain tissue oxygen --- in vivo monitoring --- multi-site clinical depth electrode --- n/a

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Optical microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), microoptoelectromechanical systems (MOEMS), or optical microsystems are devices or systems that interact with light through actuation or sensing at a micro- or millimeter scale. Optical MEMS have had enormous commercial success in projectors, displays, and fiberoptic communications. The best-known example is Texas Instruments’ digital micromirror devices (DMDs). The development of optical MEMS was impeded seriously by the Telecom Bubble in 2000. Fortunately, DMDs grew their market size even in that economy downturn. Meanwhile, in the last one and half decade, the optical MEMS market has been slowly but steadily recovering. During this time, the major technological change was the shift of thin-film polysilicon microstructures to single-crystal–silicon microsructures. Especially in the last few years, cloud data centers are demanding large-port optical cross connects (OXCs) and autonomous driving looks for miniature LiDAR, and virtual reality/augmented reality (VR/AR) demands tiny optical scanners. This is a new wave of opportunities for optical MEMS. Furthermore, several research institutes around the world have been developing MOEMS devices for extreme applications (very fine tailoring of light beam in terms of phase, intensity, or wavelength) and/or extreme environments (vacuum, cryogenic temperatures) for many years. Accordingly, this Special Issue seeks to showcase research papers, short communications, and review articles that focus on (1) novel design, fabrication, control, and modeling of optical MEMS devices based on all kinds of actuation/sensing mechanisms; and (2) new developments of applying optical MEMS devices of any kind in consumer electronics, optical communications, industry, biology, medicine, agriculture, physics, astronomy, space, or defense.

stray light --- input shaping --- n/a --- wavefront sensing --- signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) --- LC micro-lenses controlled electrically --- infrared --- intraoperative microscope --- MEMS mirror --- MLSSP --- ocular aberrations --- MEMS scanning micromirror --- electrothermal actuation --- electrothermal bimorph --- open-loop control --- wavelength dependent loss (WDL) --- NIR fluorescence --- infrared Fabry–Perot (FP) filtering --- two-photon --- resonant MEMS scanner --- residual oscillation --- 3D measurement --- parametric resonance --- digital micromirror device --- quality map --- metalens --- flame retardant 4 (FR4) --- angle sensor --- optical switch --- metasurface --- vibration noise --- optical coherence tomography --- spectrometer --- reliability --- quasistatic actuation --- Huygens’ metalens --- confocal --- large reflection variations --- electrostatic --- dual-mode liquid-crystal (LC) device --- field of view (FOV) --- scanning micromirror --- fluorescence confocal --- variable optical attenuator (VOA) --- micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) --- microscanner --- laser stripe width --- polarization dependent loss (PDL) --- fringe projection --- 2D Lissajous --- usable scan range --- laser stripe scanning --- bio-optical imaging --- MEMS scanning mirror --- digital micromirror device (DMD) --- Cu/W bimorph --- echelle grating --- achromatic --- DMD chip --- tunable fiber laser --- programmable spectral filter --- higher-order modes --- electromagnetic actuator --- infrared Fabry-Perot (FP) filtering --- Huygens' metalens

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Microelectrode arrays are increasingly used in a wide variety of situations in the medical device sector. For example, one major challenge in microfluidic devices is the manipulation of fluids and droplets effectively at such scales. Due to the laminar flow regime (i.e., low Reynolds number) in microfluidic devices, the mixing of species is also difficult, and unless an active mixing strategy is employed, passive diffusion is the only mechanism that causes the fluid to mix. For many applications, diffusion is considered too slow, and thus many active pumping and mixing strategies have been employed using electrokinetic methods, which utilize a variety of simple and complex microelectrode array structures. Microelectrodes have also been implemented in in vitro intracellular delivery platforms to conduct cell electroporation on chip, where a highly localized electric field on the scale of a single cell is generated to enhance the uptake of extracellular material. In addition, microelectrode arrays are utilized in different microfluidic biosensing modalities, where a higher sensitivity, selectivity, and limit-of-detection are desired. Carbon nanotube microelectrode arrays are used for DNA detection, multi-electrode array chips are used for drug discovery, and there has been an explosion of research into brain–machine interfaces, fueled by microfabricated electrode arrays, both planar and three-dimensional. The advantages associated with microelectrode arrays include small size, the ability to manufacture repeatedly and reliably tens to thousands of micro-electrodes on both rigid and flexible substrates, and their utility for both in vitro and in vivo applications. To realize their full potential, there is a need to develop and integrate microelectrode arrays to form useful medical device systems. As the field of microelectrode array research is wide, and touches many application areas, it is often difficult to locate a single source of relevant information. This Special Issue seeks to showcase research papers, short communications, and review articles, that focus on the application of microelectrode arrays in the medical device sector. Particular interest will be paid to innovative application areas that can improve existing medical devices, such as for neuromodulation and real world lab-on-a-chip applications.

Technology: general issues --- electrothermal --- microelectrode --- microfluidics --- micromixing --- micropump --- alternating current (AC) electrokinetics --- bisphenol A --- self-assembly --- biosensor --- flexible electrode --- polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) --- pyramid array micro-structures --- low contact impedance --- multimodal laser micromachining --- ablation characteristics --- shadow mask --- interdigitated electrodes --- soft sensors --- liquid metal --- fabrication --- principle --- arrays --- application --- induced-charge electrokinetic phenomenon --- ego-dielectrophoresis --- mobile electrode --- Janus microsphere --- continuous biomolecule collection --- electroconvection --- microelectrode array (MEA) --- ion beam assisted electron beam deposition (IBAD) --- indium tin oxide (ITO) --- titanium nitride (TiN) --- neurons --- transparent --- islets of Langerhans --- insulin secretion --- glucose stimulated insulin response --- electrochemical transduction --- intracortical microelectrode arrays --- shape memory polymer --- softening --- robust --- brain tissue oxygen --- in vivo monitoring --- multi-site clinical depth electrode --- electrothermal --- microelectrode --- microfluidics --- micromixing --- micropump --- alternating current (AC) electrokinetics --- bisphenol A --- self-assembly --- biosensor --- flexible electrode --- polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) --- pyramid array micro-structures --- low contact impedance --- multimodal laser micromachining --- ablation characteristics --- shadow mask --- interdigitated electrodes --- soft sensors --- liquid metal --- fabrication --- principle --- arrays --- application --- induced-charge electrokinetic phenomenon --- ego-dielectrophoresis --- mobile electrode --- Janus microsphere --- continuous biomolecule collection --- electroconvection --- microelectrode array (MEA) --- ion beam assisted electron beam deposition (IBAD) --- indium tin oxide (ITO) --- titanium nitride (TiN) --- neurons --- transparent --- islets of Langerhans --- insulin secretion --- glucose stimulated insulin response --- electrochemical transduction --- intracortical microelectrode arrays --- shape memory polymer --- softening --- robust --- brain tissue oxygen --- in vivo monitoring --- multi-site clinical depth electrode