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Food, by nature, is a biological substrate and is therefore capable of supporting the growth of microbials that are potential producers of toxic compounds. Among them mycotoxins, marine biotoxins, plant toxins, cyanogenic glycosides, and toxins occurring in poisonous mushrooms pose not only a risk to both human and animal health but also impact food security and nutrition by reducing people’s access to healthy food. This book collects some of the recent key improvements of analytical methodologies for the detection of natural toxins and their metabolites in food, and highlights the challenges yet to be resolved. Special emphasis is given to emerging or less-investigated toxins, to provide the scientific community with new tools and/or data supporting a better understanding of related food safety issues.

Research & information: general --- citreoviridin --- antibody --- immunoassay --- rice --- amatoxins --- amanitins --- monoclonal antibodies --- ELISA --- death cap mushrooms --- LC-MS --- pyrrolizidine alkaloid --- honey --- Parsonsia straminea --- lycopsamine --- indicine --- Heliotropium amplexicaule --- two dimensional layered nanomaterials --- electrochemical biosensors --- microbial toxin detection --- antibodies --- aptamers --- lateral flow immunoassay --- point-of-care --- mushroom poisoning --- oleandrin --- LC-MS/MS --- plant toxins --- validation --- herbs --- urine --- Aflatoxin M1 --- milk --- strip test immunoassay --- method validation --- CBA-N2a --- standardization --- matrix effects --- absorbance data --- ciguatoxins --- brevetoxins --- saxitoxins --- biological sample --- seafood safety --- n/a

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• Reference Manager
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Food, by nature, is a biological substrate and is therefore capable of supporting the growth of microbials that are potential producers of toxic compounds. Among them mycotoxins, marine biotoxins, plant toxins, cyanogenic glycosides, and toxins occurring in poisonous mushrooms pose not only a risk to both human and animal health but also impact food security and nutrition by reducing people’s access to healthy food. This book collects some of the recent key improvements of analytical methodologies for the detection of natural toxins and their metabolites in food, and highlights the challenges yet to be resolved. Special emphasis is given to emerging or less-investigated toxins, to provide the scientific community with new tools and/or data supporting a better understanding of related food safety issues.

Research & information: general --- citreoviridin --- antibody --- immunoassay --- rice --- amatoxins --- amanitins --- monoclonal antibodies --- ELISA --- death cap mushrooms --- LC-MS --- pyrrolizidine alkaloid --- honey --- Parsonsia straminea --- lycopsamine --- indicine --- Heliotropium amplexicaule --- two dimensional layered nanomaterials --- electrochemical biosensors --- microbial toxin detection --- antibodies --- aptamers --- lateral flow immunoassay --- point-of-care --- mushroom poisoning --- oleandrin --- LC-MS/MS --- plant toxins --- validation --- herbs --- urine --- Aflatoxin M1 --- milk --- strip test immunoassay --- method validation --- CBA-N2a --- standardization --- matrix effects --- absorbance data --- ciguatoxins --- brevetoxins --- saxitoxins --- biological sample --- seafood safety

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Bioelectric sensors are unique diagnostic principles and technologies. Although they share many traits with electrochemical sensors, especially regarding the common features of instrumentation, they are focused on the measurement of the electric properties of biorecognition elements as a reflection of cellular, biological, and biomolecular functions in a rapid, very sensitive, and often non-invasive manner. Bioelectric sensors offer a plethora of options in terms both of assay targets (molecules, cells, organs, and organisms) and methodological approaches (e.g., potentiometry, impedance spectrometry, and patch-clamp electrophysiology). Irrespective of the method of choice, “bioelectric profiling” is being rapidly established as a superior concept for a number of applications, including in vitro toxicity, signal transduction, real-time medical diagnostics, environmental risk assessment, and drug development. This Special Issue is the first that is exclusively dedicated to the advanced and emerging concepts and technologies of bioelectric sensors. Topics include, but are not restricted to, bioelectric sensors for single cell analysis, electrophysiological olfactory and volatile organic compounds sensors, impedimetric biosensors, microbial fuel cell biosensors, and implantable autonomous bioelectric micro- and nano-sensors.

Technology: general issues --- organic optoelectronic device --- pulse meter --- biosensor --- Bluetooth low energy (BLE) --- photoplethysmogram (PPG) --- chronic wounds --- electrical stimulation --- direct microcurrent --- non-invasive --- pressure ulcer --- wireless technology --- biochips --- impedance spectroscopy --- electrical equivalent circuit --- biomaterial --- Lysinibacillus sphaericus JG-A12 --- anticancer therapeutic strategies --- apoptosis --- bioelectric --- 5-fluorouracil --- HeLa cell line --- superoxide --- cell immobilization --- 3D-printed well --- bioelectric profiling --- impedance analysis --- real-time measurements --- electrochemical biosensors --- SWCNT --- point-of-care diagnostics --- label-free biosensors --- ELISA --- carbon nanotubes --- bovine serum albumin --- pacemaker --- threat modeling --- internet of things (IoT) medical devices --- vulnerabilities --- n/a

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This book compiles four review articles and four research papers that highlight recent developments in the field of peptide nucleic acid (PNA) chemistry and biomedicine. The review articles encompass a variety of fields related to PNA, emphasizing the versatility of this DNA mimic. Two excellent reviews detail the use of PNA for molecular diagnostics of miRNAs and genetic point mutations (SNPs). Another review provides a comprehensive analysis of the various approaches for gene editing using chemically modified PNA molecules. Lastly, PNA molecules are elegantly described as effective (antisense) antimicrobial agents in the final review. The high binding affinity of PNA to complementary DNA and RNA is highlighted in three research articles. Two articles show how PNA molecules act as splice modulating and RNA masking molecules, separately. In another contribution, the high affinity and achiral characteristics of PNAs are used to developed a stable L-DNA-based catalytic hairpin assembly. Lastly, chemically-modified PNA molecules are shown to be superior probes for SNP detection. Altogether, these studies illustrate how PNA molecules may be useful for a variety of biomedical applications as either therapeutic or diagnostic agents.

RNA structure --- strand invasion --- antisense --- PNA --- exon skipping --- exon inclusion --- oligonucleotides --- peptide nucleic acid (PNA) --- antibacterials --- RNA --- PNA transporters --- conjugates --- bacterial resistance --- peptide nucleic acids --- triplex --- gene editing --- structure --- recombination --- repair --- nanoparticles --- β-thalassemia --- cystic fibrosis --- peptide nucleic acid --- tolane --- single nucleotide polymorphism --- influenza virus --- drug resistance --- peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) --- single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) --- polymerase chain reaction (PCR) --- cancer. --- catalytic hairpin assembly (CHA) --- strand-displacement reaction --- l-DNA --- microRNA --- fluorescence --- templated reactions --- light-triggered --- electrochemical biosensors --- colorimetric detection --- Peptide nucleic acids --- PNA-masking --- microRNAs --- miR-145-5p --- miRNA targeting --- delivery --- CFTR --- n/a

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Bioelectric sensors are unique diagnostic principles and technologies. Although they share many traits with electrochemical sensors, especially regarding the common features of instrumentation, they are focused on the measurement of the electric properties of biorecognition elements as a reflection of cellular, biological, and biomolecular functions in a rapid, very sensitive, and often non-invasive manner. Bioelectric sensors offer a plethora of options in terms both of assay targets (molecules, cells, organs, and organisms) and methodological approaches (e.g., potentiometry, impedance spectrometry, and patch-clamp electrophysiology). Irrespective of the method of choice, “bioelectric profiling” is being rapidly established as a superior concept for a number of applications, including in vitro toxicity, signal transduction, real-time medical diagnostics, environmental risk assessment, and drug development. This Special Issue is the first that is exclusively dedicated to the advanced and emerging concepts and technologies of bioelectric sensors. Topics include, but are not restricted to, bioelectric sensors for single cell analysis, electrophysiological olfactory and volatile organic compounds sensors, impedimetric biosensors, microbial fuel cell biosensors, and implantable autonomous bioelectric micro- and nano-sensors.

organic optoelectronic device --- pulse meter --- biosensor --- Bluetooth low energy (BLE) --- photoplethysmogram (PPG) --- chronic wounds --- electrical stimulation --- direct microcurrent --- non-invasive --- pressure ulcer --- wireless technology --- biochips --- impedance spectroscopy --- electrical equivalent circuit --- biomaterial --- Lysinibacillus sphaericus JG-A12 --- anticancer therapeutic strategies --- apoptosis --- bioelectric --- 5-fluorouracil --- HeLa cell line --- superoxide --- cell immobilization --- 3D-printed well --- bioelectric profiling --- impedance analysis --- real-time measurements --- electrochemical biosensors --- SWCNT --- point-of-care diagnostics --- label-free biosensors --- ELISA --- carbon nanotubes --- bovine serum albumin --- pacemaker --- threat modeling --- internet of things (IoT) medical devices --- vulnerabilities --- n/a