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Research on alternative energy harvesting technologies, conversion and storage systems with high efficiency, cost-effective and environmentally friendly systems, such as fuel cells, rechargeable metal-air batteries, unitized regenerative cells, and water electrolyzers has been stimulated by the global demand on energy. The conversion between oxygen and water plays a key step in the development of oxygen electrodes: oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER), processes activated mostly by precious metals, like platinum. Their scarcity, their prohibitive cost, and declining activity greatly hamper large-scale applications. This issue reports on novel non-precious metal electrocatalysts based on the innovative design in chemical compositions, structure, and morphology, and supports for the oxygen reaction.

n/a --- nitrogen sulfur co-doped carbon nanofibers --- layered double hydroxide --- three-dimensional --- water splitting --- non-precious metal --- metal–organic framework --- Co-bpdc/MWCNTs composites --- alkaline --- nanocarbon --- Fe-N-C catalyst --- cobalt-based electrocatalysts --- 2 --- non-precious metal catalyst --- 3 --- silver bismuthate --- 4 --- graphene-carbon nanotube aerogel --- 6-tri(2-pyridyl)-1 --- Co-bpdc --- binary nitrogen precursors --- g-C3N4 --- oxygen evolution reaction --- mesoporous NiO --- electrocatalyst --- nucleophilic attack --- 5-triazine --- cobalt and nitrogen co-doped --- fuel cells --- metal-free catalysts --- oxygen reduction reaction --- hydrogen evolution reaction --- heteroatom doping --- electrophilic Ni3+ and O? --- bacterial cellulose/poly(methylene blue) hybrids --- active site --- manganese dioxide --- electrocatalysis --- metal-organic framework

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Layered double hydroxides (LDHs), also known as two-dimensional anionic clays, as well as the derived materials, including hybrids, nanocomposites, mixed oxides, and supported metals, have been highlighted as outstanding heterogeneous catalysts with unlimited applications in various processes involving both acid–base (addition, alkylation, acylation, decarboxylation, etc.) and redox (oxidation, reduction, dehydrogenation, etc.) mechanisms. This is mainly due to their flexibility in chemical composition, allowing the fine tuning of the nature of the active sites and the control of the balance between them. Additionally, LDHs display a large anion exchange capacity and the possibility to modify their interlayer space, constraining the size and type of reactants entering in the interlamellar space. Furthermore, their easy and economic synthesis, with high levels of purity and efficiency, at both the laboratory and industrial scales, make LDHs and their derived materials excellent solid catalysts. This Special Issue collects original research papers, reviews, and commentaries focused on the catalytic applications of these remarkable materials.

Research & information: general --- Chemistry --- layered double hydroxides (LDH) --- polyoxometalates (POM) --- catalytic materials --- Michael addition --- cobalt-based LDHs --- ultrasonic irradiation --- synergistic effect --- photocatalysis --- nitrophenol degradation --- Zn,Al-hydrotalcite --- ZnO dispersed on alumina --- reusability --- layered double hydroxide --- LDH --- catalytic oxidation --- ethanol --- toluene --- VOC --- photocatalysts --- Cu electrodes --- diazo dyes --- electrocatalysts --- layer double hydroxides --- photoelectrochemical degradation --- hydrotalcites --- mixed oxides --- aldol condensation --- basic catalysts --- exfoliation --- nanosheets --- oxidation --- layered double hydroxides --- base catalysts --- epoxide --- formaldehyde --- oxidation removal --- BiOCl --- manganese --- biodiesel --- transesterification --- hydrothermal --- nickel --- aluminum --- solid base --- structured catalyst --- ethanol steam reforming --- aluminum lathe waste strips --- Ni nanoparticle --- mechano-chemical/co-precipitation synthesis --- organic alkalis (tetramethylammonium hydroxide) --- memory effect --- Claisen-Schmidt condensation --- self-cyclohexanone condensation --- n/a

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The successful commercialization of advanced energy devices, including fuel cells and solar cells (e.g., dye-sensitized solar cells) is somewhat dependent on the cost, activity and durability of the electrocatalysts. Nowadays, precious metal electrodes are the most widely used. Accordingly, the manufacturing costs are relatively high, which constrains wide application. Recently, some reports have introduced some promising non-precious electrocatalysts to be exploited in both oxidation and reduction reactions. It was concluded that immobilization of the functional material on a proper support can distinctly improve catalytic activity. Moreover, due to the synergetic effect, metallic alloy nanoparticles show very good electrocatalytic activity in this regard. This Special Issue aims to cover the most recent progress and the advances in the field of the immobilized non-precious electrocatalysts. This includes, but is not limited to, non-precious electrocatalysts for alcohol (methanol, ethanol, etc.) oxidation, oxygen reduction reaction and electrolyte reduction in dye-sensitized solar cells.

electrocatalysts --- bifunctional catalyst --- graphene --- dopants --- oxygen reduction reaction --- glassy carbon electrode --- metalloporphyrins --- Green Hydrogen --- SO2 electrolysis --- Westinghouse cycle --- carbon shell --- metallosupramolecular polymer --- hollow particles --- doping --- ethanol oxidation reaction --- palladium --- hollow carbon sphere --- alkaline medium --- dye sensitized solar cell --- SnO2-decorated graphene oxide --- counter electrode --- solar energy --- N, O-codoping --- polydopamine --- oxygen reduction --- oxygen evolution --- bifunctional --- electroactive surface area --- electrospinning --- Sn-incorporated Ni/C nanofibers --- Methanol --- Urea --- Cu3.8Ni-nanoalloy --- carbon nanofibers (NFs) --- urea oxidation --- fuel cells --- bilirubin oxidase --- direct electron transfer --- mediated electron transfer --- osmium polymer --- n/a

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Layered double hydroxides (LDHs), also known as two-dimensional anionic clays, as well as the derived materials, including hybrids, nanocomposites, mixed oxides, and supported metals, have been highlighted as outstanding heterogeneous catalysts with unlimited applications in various processes involving both acid–base (addition, alkylation, acylation, decarboxylation, etc.) and redox (oxidation, reduction, dehydrogenation, etc.) mechanisms. This is mainly due to their flexibility in chemical composition, allowing the fine tuning of the nature of the active sites and the control of the balance between them. Additionally, LDHs display a large anion exchange capacity and the possibility to modify their interlayer space, constraining the size and type of reactants entering in the interlamellar space. Furthermore, their easy and economic synthesis, with high levels of purity and efficiency, at both the laboratory and industrial scales, make LDHs and their derived materials excellent solid catalysts. This Special Issue collects original research papers, reviews, and commentaries focused on the catalytic applications of these remarkable materials.

Research & information: general --- Chemistry --- layered double hydroxides (LDH) --- polyoxometalates (POM) --- catalytic materials --- Michael addition --- cobalt-based LDHs --- ultrasonic irradiation --- synergistic effect --- photocatalysis --- nitrophenol degradation --- Zn,Al-hydrotalcite --- ZnO dispersed on alumina --- reusability --- layered double hydroxide --- LDH --- catalytic oxidation --- ethanol --- toluene --- VOC --- photocatalysts --- Cu electrodes --- diazo dyes --- electrocatalysts --- layer double hydroxides --- photoelectrochemical degradation --- hydrotalcites --- mixed oxides --- aldol condensation --- basic catalysts --- exfoliation --- nanosheets --- oxidation --- layered double hydroxides --- base catalysts --- epoxide --- formaldehyde --- oxidation removal --- BiOCl --- manganese --- biodiesel --- transesterification --- hydrothermal --- nickel --- aluminum --- solid base --- structured catalyst --- ethanol steam reforming --- aluminum lathe waste strips --- Ni nanoparticle --- mechano-chemical/co-precipitation synthesis --- organic alkalis (tetramethylammonium hydroxide) --- memory effect --- Claisen-Schmidt condensation --- self-cyclohexanone condensation --- layered double hydroxides (LDH) --- polyoxometalates (POM) --- catalytic materials --- Michael addition --- cobalt-based LDHs --- ultrasonic irradiation --- synergistic effect --- photocatalysis --- nitrophenol degradation --- Zn,Al-hydrotalcite --- ZnO dispersed on alumina --- reusability --- layered double hydroxide --- LDH --- catalytic oxidation --- ethanol --- toluene --- VOC --- photocatalysts --- Cu electrodes --- diazo dyes --- electrocatalysts --- layer double hydroxides --- photoelectrochemical degradation --- hydrotalcites --- mixed oxides --- aldol condensation --- basic catalysts --- exfoliation --- nanosheets --- oxidation --- layered double hydroxides --- base catalysts --- epoxide --- formaldehyde --- oxidation removal --- BiOCl --- manganese --- biodiesel --- transesterification --- hydrothermal --- nickel --- aluminum --- solid base --- structured catalyst --- ethanol steam reforming --- aluminum lathe waste strips --- Ni nanoparticle --- mechano-chemical/co-precipitation synthesis --- organic alkalis (tetramethylammonium hydroxide) --- memory effect --- Claisen-Schmidt condensation --- self-cyclohexanone condensation

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The formulation of coated composite materials is an important field of research around the world today. Coated composite materials include inhomogeneous and anisotropic materials. These materials are formulated by an amalgamate minimum of two or more materials that accommodate different properties. These materials have a vast field of appealing applications that encourage scientists to work on them. Due to their unique properties, such as their strength, liability, swiftness, and low cost, they are used as promising candidates for reliable applications in various fields, such as biomedical, engineering, energy devices, wastewater treatment, and agriculture. Different types of composite materials have had a noticeable impact in these fields already, such as glass, plastic, and, most promisingly, metal oxide nanoparticles.

Technology: general issues --- 6H-SiC --- Cu-Sn alloy --- ion implantation --- wettability --- interface --- nanoparticles --- dyes --- catalysis --- reduction --- glass/Kevlar --- hybrid composites --- hand layup --- epoxy --- hardener --- tensile --- hardness shore D --- water absorption --- density --- peel --- ratio --- Al2O3-Cr2O3 composite --- consolidation behavior --- microstructure --- mechanical properties --- thermal shock resistance --- ammonia electro-oxidation --- cyclic voltammetry --- electrochemical surface area (ECSA) --- electrocatalysts --- nanocomposites --- infrared detector --- resonant cavity --- energy applications --- absorptance --- Ce–Cu oxide --- co-precipitation --- photocatalyst --- dye degradation --- CuO/γ-Al2O3 --- ammonia electro-oxidation (AEO) --- nanocomposite structure --- XRD --- photoluminescence --- rare earth element REE --- heterogeneous catalysis --- perovskite --- CH3NH3PbI3 --- solar cells --- polysilane --- decaphenylcyclopentasilane --- stability --- chlorobenzene --- calculation --- Raman scattering --- lead-free --- NBT–BMN --- weight loss --- dielectric --- piezoelectric ceramics --- bimetallic nanoparticles --- kinetics --- antioxidant studies --- catalytic activity --- 6H-SiC --- Cu-Sn alloy --- ion implantation --- wettability --- interface --- nanoparticles --- dyes --- catalysis --- reduction --- glass/Kevlar --- hybrid composites --- hand layup --- epoxy --- hardener --- tensile --- hardness shore D --- water absorption --- density --- peel --- ratio --- Al2O3-Cr2O3 composite --- consolidation behavior --- microstructure --- mechanical properties --- thermal shock resistance --- ammonia electro-oxidation --- cyclic voltammetry --- electrochemical surface area (ECSA) --- electrocatalysts --- nanocomposites --- infrared detector --- resonant cavity --- energy applications --- absorptance --- Ce–Cu oxide --- co-precipitation --- photocatalyst --- dye degradation --- CuO/γ-Al2O3 --- ammonia electro-oxidation (AEO) --- nanocomposite structure --- XRD --- photoluminescence --- rare earth element REE --- heterogeneous catalysis --- perovskite --- CH3NH3PbI3 --- solar cells --- polysilane --- decaphenylcyclopentasilane --- stability --- chlorobenzene --- calculation --- Raman scattering --- lead-free --- NBT–BMN --- weight loss --- dielectric --- piezoelectric ceramics --- bimetallic nanoparticles --- kinetics --- antioxidant studies --- catalytic activity