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wiskunde --- Mathematics --- Mathématiques --- Wiskunde --- vectorruimte --- cramer --- eigenwaarde --- vectoranalyse --- divergentie --- rotatie --- volume --- matrices --- eigenvector --- flux --- circulatie --- lijnintegralen --- Matrixrekening --- Vectoranalyse --- complex --- overdrachtsfunctie --- numeriek --- deltafunctie --- gekoppelde differentiaalvergelijking --- systeemtheorie --- Fourier

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As the ultimate information processing device, the brain naturally lends itself to being studied with information theory. The application of information theory to neuroscience has spurred the development of principled theories of brain function, and has led to advances in the study of consciousness, as well as to the development of analytical techniques to crack the neural code—that is, to unveil the language used by neurons to encode and process information. In particular, advances in experimental techniques enabling the precise recording and manipulation of neural activity on a large scale now enable for the first time the precise formulation and the quantitative testing of hypotheses about how the brain encodes and transmits the information used for specific functions across areas. This Special Issue presents twelve original contributions on novel approaches in neuroscience using information theory, and on the development of new information theoretic results inspired by problems in neuroscience.

synergy --- Gibbs measures --- categorical perception --- entorhinal cortex --- neural network --- perceived similarity --- graph theoretical analysis --- orderness --- navigation --- network eigen-entropy --- Ising model --- higher-order correlations --- discrimination --- information theory --- recursion --- goodness --- consciousness --- neuroscience --- feedforward networks --- spike train statistics --- decoding --- eigenvector centrality --- discrete Markov chains --- submodularity --- free-energy principle --- infomax principle --- neural information propagation --- integrated information --- mismatched decoding --- maximum entropy principle --- perceptual magnet --- graph theory --- internal model hypothesis --- channel capacity --- complex networks --- representation --- latching --- noise correlations --- independent component analysis --- mutual information decomposition --- connectome --- redundancy --- mutual information --- information entropy production --- unconscious inference --- hippocampus --- neural population coding --- spike-time precision --- neural coding --- maximum entropy --- neural code --- Potts model --- pulse-gating --- functional connectome --- integrated information theory --- minimum information partition --- brain network --- Queyranne’s algorithm --- principal component analysis

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The present book contains the 24 total articles accepted and published in the Special Issue “Fuzzy Sets, Fuzzy Logic and Their Applications, 2020” of the MDPI Mathematics journal, which covers a wide range of topics connected to the theory and applications of fuzzy sets and systems of fuzzy logic and their extensions/generalizations. These topics include, among others, elements from fuzzy graphs; fuzzy numbers; fuzzy equations; fuzzy linear spaces; intuitionistic fuzzy sets; soft sets; type-2 fuzzy sets, bipolar fuzzy sets, plithogenic sets, fuzzy decision making, fuzzy governance, fuzzy models in mathematics of finance, a philosophical treatise on the connection of the scientific reasoning with fuzzy logic, etc. It is hoped that the book will be interesting and useful for those working in the area of fuzzy sets, fuzzy systems and fuzzy logic, as well as for those with the proper mathematical background and willing to become familiar with recent advances in fuzzy mathematics, which has become prevalent in almost all sectors of the human life and activity.

Research & information: general --- Mathematics & science --- bipolar gradation of openness --- bipolar gradation of closedness --- bipolar fuzzy topology --- bipolar gradation preserving map --- fuzzy collaborative forecasting --- dynamic random access memory --- partial consensus --- fuzzy intersection --- fuzzy linear system --- fuzzy number --- fuzzy number vector --- embedding method --- inductive and deductive reasoning --- fuzzy logic (FL) --- scientific method --- probability and statistics --- Bayesian probabilities --- fuzzy implication --- ordering property --- least fuzzy negation --- t-conditionality --- neutrosophic set --- plithogenic set --- fuzzy set --- entropy --- similarity measure --- information measure --- Hyers-Ulam stability --- pexider type functional equation --- intuitionistic fuzzy normed spaces --- alternative fixed point theorem --- interval-valued fuzzy competition graph --- interval-valued fuzzy p competition graph --- interval-valued fuzzy neighbourhood graph --- interval-valued m-step fuzzy competition graph --- homomorphism of graph products --- max-min algebra --- fuzzy max-T algebra --- Łukasiewicz triangular norm --- max-Łukasiewicz algebra --- parametric solvability --- soft set --- fuzzy soft set --- multi-fuzzy set --- multi-fuzzy soft set --- ℒℳℱ?? --- similarity measure of ℒℳℱ?? --- site selection --- shopping mall site selection --- linguistic terms for fuzzy variable --- fuzzy AHP --- fuzzy TOPSIS --- octahedron set --- i-octahedron subgroupoid --- i-octahedron ideal --- i-sup-property, i-octahedron subgroup --- i-octahedron subring --- interval matrix --- interval eigenvector --- strong interval eigenvector --- fuzzy nonlinear systems --- fuzzy arithmetic --- fuzzy calculus --- multidimensional fuzzy arithmetic --- RDM fuzzy arithmetic --- fuzzy parametric form --- fuzzy measures --- monotone measures --- product spaces --- Schauder fixed point theorem --- fuzzy normed linear space --- t-norm --- measure of non-compactness --- fuzzy logic connectives --- law of importation --- α-migrativity --- distance measure --- fuzzy differential equations --- fuzzy difference equations --- mixed continuous-discrete model --- strongly generalized Hukuhara differentiability --- time value of money --- GEFS --- SEFS --- fuzzy relations: fuzzy sets --- max–min composition --- min–max composition --- monotone statistical parameters --- fuzzy statistics --- FAHP --- FTOPSIS --- FCOPRAS --- hexagonal fuzzy number --- governance --- fuzzy logic --- management system --- type-2 fuzzy set --- fuzzification --- type-reduction --- defuzzification --- B-spline surface model function

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In recent years, a considerable volume of technical literature has been published on flood hazard analysis, and more recently, on flood vulnerability and resilience. Nevertheless, there is still a shortage of scientific studies and practical experience of real flood risk assessment (both social and economic), including hazard, exposure and vulnerability analyses and their integration. As there are so few references available, applications of flood risk assessment to the design of preventive measures and early warning systems, landscape and urban planning, civil protection, insurance systems, and risk-based information and education, cannot reach their full potential development. This is because the research products available, such as hazard data and maps, do not serve to ensure the efficient prioritization of mitigation measures or communities at risk. Meanwhile, flooding is the natural disaster that causes the greatest loss on a global scale, and due to climate change, this situation is expected to continue. The research manuscripts involved in this book try to offer flood risk managers new tools, data and maps to improve risk mitigation, both preventive and corrective. A wide variety of topics have been covered, including: flood risk data sources; techniques and methodologies for flood risk analysis; flood risk mapping; or flood risk analysis calibrations.

Research & information: general --- flood risk assessments --- vulnerability of networks --- emergency management --- geographic information systems --- open source --- flood risk --- LOESS model --- risk map calibration --- 112 emergency service --- central Spain --- PRICAM project --- spatial autocorrelation --- Poisson regression --- eigenvector spatial filtering method --- flood risk evaluation --- Ebro River --- flood mapping --- flood risk areas --- RADAR SAR --- Sentinel-1 --- RGB composition --- calibrated thresholding --- pluvial floods --- flood risk assessment --- climate change --- damages --- vehicles --- properties --- pedestrians --- floods --- fatalities --- circumstances of loss of life --- historical analysis --- levee failures --- database --- flood defences --- levee breach --- cultural heritage --- meso-scale --- flood hazard --- flood vulnerability --- Castile and León --- Spain --- lahar --- Pico de Orizaba --- paleostage indicators --- tree-ring analysis --- RAMMS program --- flood torrential dynamics --- geomorphological threshold --- land-use changes --- ski resort --- hydrological response --- Pyrenees --- glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) --- debris flow --- Bhote Koshi --- landslides --- Gorkha earthquake --- hazard assessment --- vulnerability indicators --- vulnerability cartography --- AHP --- local analysis --- open public data sources --- economic damage --- building first floor --- magnitude–damage models --- Navaluenga --- flood forecasting --- snow cover control --- flood management --- Tagus Basin --- climate model projections --- Reinosa --- climate change prioritization --- flood risk analysis --- flood damage uncertainty