Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

The representation of the Earth's surface in global monitoring and forecasting applications is moving towards capturing more of the relevant processes, while maintaining elevated computational efficiency and therefore a moderate complexity. These schemes are developed and continuously improved thanks to well instrumented field-sites that can observe coupled processes occurring at the surface–atmosphere interface (e.g., forest, grassland, cropland areas and diverse climate zones). Approaching global kilometer-scale resolutions, in situ observations alone cannot fulfil the modelling needs, and the use of satellite observation becomes essential to guide modelling innovation and to calibrate and validate new parameterization schemes that can support data assimilation applications. In this book, we review some of the recent contributions, highlighting how satellite data are used to inform Earth surface model development (vegetation state and seasonality, soil moisture conditions, surface temperature and turbulent fluxes, land-use change detection, agricultural indicators and irrigation) when moving towards global km-scale resolutions.

direct and inverse methods --- absorption coefficient --- emissivity --- land-surface model --- n/a --- variational retrieval --- temporal autocorrelation --- Bayesian bias correction --- hyperspectral --- infrared --- BRDF --- satellite rainfall --- MCD43C1 --- penetration depth --- RTTOV --- earth-observations --- earth system modelling --- representative depth --- land --- Changjiang (Yangtze) estuary --- CDOM --- soil moisture --- surface --- Maqu network --- surface soil moisture --- MODIS --- soil effective temperature --- GOCI --- microwave remote sensing --- rain gauge --- QAA inversion --- broadband emissivity --- radiation --- surface parameters --- satellite data --- East Africa

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

This reprint contains articles from the Special Issue of Animals “Housing Environment and Farm Animals' Well-Being”, including original research, review, and communication related to livestock and poultry environmental management, air quality control, emissions mitigation, and assessment of animal health and well-being.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Technology, engineering, agriculture --- broiler production --- alternative flooring --- ammonia emissions --- animal welfare --- environmental impact --- air pollution control --- air quality --- volatile organic compounds --- odor --- environmental technology --- advanced oxidation --- UV --- thermal index --- sows --- environmental parameters --- heat stress threshold --- skin temperature --- temperature and humidity index --- black globe-humidity index --- effective temperature --- equivalent temperature index for sows --- enthalpy --- group housing system --- individual stall --- behavior --- stress hormone --- offspring --- gestating sows --- weaned piglets --- cold exposure --- growth performance --- skeletal muscle fiber --- antioxidant capacity --- dairy cattle --- heat stress --- airborne E. coli --- settled E. coli --- survivability --- airborne transmission --- poultry --- heavy broiler --- surface temperature --- air velocity --- temperature humidity index --- alternative housing --- body temperature --- bone quality --- relative brain weight --- welfare --- pullet status --- housing type --- environmental management --- livestock monitoring --- camera coverage optimization --- sensor placement --- genetic algorithm

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

High-energy astrophysics involves the study of exceedingly dynamic and energetic phenomena occurring near the most extreme celestial objects known to exist, such as black holes, neutron stars, white dwarfs, and supernova remnants. High-Energy Astrophysics provides graduate and advanced undergraduate students with the most complete, self-contained introduction to the subject available. This textbook covers all the essentials, weaving together the latest theory with the experimental techniques, instrumentation, and observational methods astronomers use to study high-energy radiation from space. Fulvio Melia introduces topics at the forefront of today's research, including relativistic particles, energetic radiation, and accretion disk theory. No other textbook offers such a thorough yet concise treatment of the key aspects of high-energy astrophysics--both theoretical and observational--or delves as deeply into modern detection techniques, satellite systems, and analytical and numerical modeling used by theoreticians. Amply illustrated, High-Energy Astrophysics is also ideal for researchers interested in the application of fundamental physical laws to understand how matter and radiation behave in regions of the universe where physical conditions are most extreme.Uniquely weaves together the theoretical and experimental aspects of this important branch of astronomy Features stunning images of the high-energy sky Fully describes the principal classes of high-energy sources, with an in-depth study of many archetypal objects within them Provides an excellent, self-contained resource for the classroom, written by a preeminent researcher and teacher in the field

Nuclear astrophysics. --- Astrophysics. --- Astrophysics --- Nuclear physics --- Astronomical physics --- Astronomy --- Cosmic physics --- Physics --- Acceleration. --- Accretion (astrophysics). --- Accretion disk. --- Active galactic nucleus. --- Amplitude. --- Angular momentum. --- Annihilation. --- Apsis. --- Arbitrarily large. --- BL Lac object. --- Bell's theorem. --- Binary star. --- Black hole. --- Boundary layer. --- Bremsstrahlung. --- Circular orbit. --- Classical mechanics. --- Classical physics. --- Compact star. --- Compton Gamma Ray Observatory. --- Compton scattering. --- Concept. --- Conceptual framework. --- Conjecture. --- Cosmic ray. --- Cygnus A. --- Cygnus X-1. --- Database. --- Dissipation. --- Doppler effect. --- Effective temperature. --- Emissivity. --- Event horizon. --- Four-dimensional space. --- Four-vector. --- Galactic Center. --- Galactic plane. --- Galaxy cluster. --- Gamma-ray burst. --- Gravitational energy. --- Initial condition. --- Instability. --- Interstellar medium. --- Intracluster medium. --- Luminosity function (astronomy). --- Magnetic field. --- Massive particle. --- Measurement. --- Milky Way. --- Minute and second of arc. --- Molecular cloud. --- Molecule. --- Neutron star. --- Nuclear reaction. --- Ontology. --- Optical depth. --- Orbital period. --- Particle physics. --- Phenomenon. --- Photon. --- Physical law. --- Physical quantity. --- Physicist. --- Pierre Auger Observatory. --- Pilot wave. --- Polytropic process. --- Positron. --- Power law. --- Prediction. --- Probability. --- Quantity. --- Quantum decoherence. --- Quantum mechanics. --- Quasar. --- ROSAT. --- Radiative cooling. --- Radiative flux. --- Roche lobe. --- Scattering. --- Spaceflight. --- Special relativity. --- Star. --- Supermassive black hole. --- Supernova. --- Synchrotron. --- Temperature. --- Theorem. --- Theory of relativity. --- Theory. --- Thin disk. --- Time dilation. --- Transonic. --- Virgo Cluster. --- Viscosity. --- Wave function. --- Wavelength. --- White dwarf. --- X-ray. --- XMM-Newton.