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This book is published open access under a CC BY 4.0 license. This open access book provides an overview of childlessness throughout Europe. It offers a collection of papers written by leading demographers and sociologists that examine contexts, causes, and consequences of childlessness in countries throughout the region.The book features data from all over Europe. It specifically highlights patterns of childlessness in Germany, France, the United Kingdom, Finland, Sweden, Austria and Switzerland. An additional chapter on childlessness in the United States puts the European experience in perspective. The book offers readers such insights as the determinants of lifelong childlessness, whether governments can and should counteract increasing childlessness, how the phenomenon differs across social strata and the role economic uncertainties play. In addition, the book also examines life course dynamics and biographical patterns, assisted reproduction as well as the consequences of childlessness. Childlessness has been increasing rapidly in most European countries in recent decades. This book offers readers expert analysis into this issue from leading experts in the field of family behavior. From causes to consequences, it explores the many facets of childlessness throughout Europe to present a comprehensive portrait of this important demographic and sociological trend. (Provided by publisher)

Demography --- sociologie --- demografie --- sociale economie --- Europe --- Biographical patterns --- Childlessness throughout Europe --- Determinants of lifelong childlessness --- Fertility and assisted reproduction --- Increasing childlessness --- Life course dynamics --- Open Access --- Role of Economic uncertainty --- (Springer Nature Subject Code)SCX25000: Demography --- (Springer Nature Subject Collection)SUCO41176: Social Sciences --- (Springer Nature Subject Code)SCW38000: Population Economics --- (Springer Nature Subject Code)SCX22000: Sociology, general --- (VLB-WN)1728: Hardcover, Softcover / Soziologie/Politische Soziologie

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The global financial crisis has already led to sharp downturns in the developing world. In the past, international aid has been able to offset partially the effects of crises that began in the developing world, but because this crisis began in the wealthy countries, donors may be less willing or able to increase aid in this crisis. Not only have donor-country incomes fallen, but the cause of the drop - the banking and financial-sector crisis - may exacerbate the effect on aid flows because of its heavy fiscal costs. This paper estimates how donor-country banking crises have affected aid flows in the past, using panel data from 24 donor countries between 1977 and 2007. The analysis finds that banking crises in donor countries are associated with a substantial additional fall in aid flows, beyond any income-related effects, perhaps because of the high fiscal costs of crisis and the debt hangover in the post-crisis periods. In most specifications, aid flows from crisis-affected countries fall by an average of 20 to 25 percent (relative to the counterfactual) and bottom out only about a decade after the banking crisis hits. In addition, the results confirm that donor-country incomes are robustly related to per-capita aid flows, with an elasticity of about 3. Because all donor countries are being hit hard by the current global recession, and several have also suffered banking-sector crises, there are reasons to expect that aid could fall by a significant amount (again, relative to the counterfactual) in the coming years - just when aid may be most clearly justified to help smooth exogenous shocks to developing countries.

Banks & Banking Reform --- Capita income --- Debt Markets --- Development Economics & Aid Effectiveness --- Domestic needs --- Economic conditions --- Economic Conditions and Volatility --- Economic downturns --- Economic outlook --- Economic uncertainty --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial conditions --- Financial crises --- Financial volatility --- Income --- Income levels --- Inflation --- International country risk guide --- International monetary fund --- Labor Policies --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Market volatility --- Per capita income --- Social Protections and Labor --- Standard errors --- Systemic banking crises --- Transition economies

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The purpose of the Special Issue was to collect the results of research and experience on the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic for the energy sector and the energy market, broadly understood, that were visible after a year. In particular, the impact of COVID-19 on the energy sector in the EU, including Poland, and the US was examined. The topics concerned various issues, e.g., the situation of energy companies, including those listed on the stock exchange, mining companies, and those dealing with renewable energy. The topics related to the development of electromobility, managerial competences, energy expenditure of local government units, sustainable development of energy, and energy poverty during a pandemic were also discussed.

Research & information: general --- Physics --- energy manager --- competences --- labor market --- energy industry --- COVID-19 --- decarbonizing transport --- energy efficiency --- electrify transport --- zero-emissions vehicles --- sustainable transport --- electric car charging points --- novel coronavirus pandemic --- alternative energy --- stock market sectors --- stock market companies --- energy --- energy company --- efficiency --- financial analysis --- pandemic --- environmental protection --- environmental problems --- greenhouse gas --- particulate matter (PM) --- renewable energy --- corruption --- electromobility --- companies in the Transport-Shipping-Logistics Sector --- pandemic-COVID-19 --- development --- self-government units --- energy consumption --- monitoring --- energy consumption effectiveness --- sustainable energy development --- households --- OPEC --- crude price --- volatility --- storage crisis --- futures --- shale --- electric vehicles market and policy --- electric vehicles --- purchase intention --- e-mobility --- consumers preferences --- consumer decision making --- social values --- delay discounting --- cultural factors --- economic factors --- machine learning methods --- sustainability --- energy poverty --- economic uncertainty --- energy policy --- policy measures --- reducing energy intensity --- ranking of countries’ energy intensity --- multi-criteria analysis --- sectors of the economy --- economic effects of the pandemic --- social effects of the pandemic --- countries of Western Europe --- countries of Central and Eastern Europe --- mining sector --- initiatives and adaptation measures --- economic situation --- COVID-19 pandemic --- fossil fuel energy --- carbon dioxide emissions --- nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag model --- frequency domain causality test --- Markow switching regression --- photovoltaics --- pandemics --- changes in energetic balance due to COVID-19 --- renewable sources of energy during pandemics --- United States --- energy sector --- fossil fuel --- emissions --- expenditures

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This book introduces the recent technologies introduced for gases capture including CO2, CO, SO2, H2S, NOx, and H2. Various processes and theories for gas capture and removal are presented. The book provides a useful source of information for engineers and specialists, as well as for undergraduate and postgraduate students in the fields of environmental and chemical science and engineering.

History of engineering & technology --- in situ gasification chemical looping combustion --- high-flux circulating fluidized bed --- counter-flow moving bed --- gas leakage --- coupling mechanism --- carbon capture and utilization --- biogas upgrading --- calcium carbonate precipitation --- chemical absorption --- gas pressure --- gas content --- gas basic parameters --- rapid estimation technology --- supercritical water oxidation --- high-pressure separation --- oxygen recovery --- energy recovery --- economic analysis --- coal-direct chemical looping combustion --- theoretical methodology --- high-flux --- pressure gradient --- gas mole fraction --- activity --- UNIFAC --- phase equilibrium --- threshold value --- CO2 capture --- calcium looping --- chemical sorption --- anti-attrition --- pore-former particle size --- Reaction --- kinetics --- carbon dioxide --- N-methyldiethanolamine --- L-Arginine --- stopped flow technique --- carbon capture --- CO2 sequestration --- steel-making waste --- steel slag --- H2S absorption --- amine solutions --- glycols --- desulfurization --- aqueous and non-aqueous solutions --- gas diffusion --- unipore diffusion model --- bidisperse diffusion model --- dispersive diffusion model --- refinery plants --- industrial gas streams --- petrochemical processes --- waste gases --- activated carbons --- catalytic activation --- physicochemical structure --- SO2 adsorption --- optimal conceptual design --- market prediction --- economic uncertainty --- environmental impact --- carbon dioxide separation --- Aspen Plus --- CCGT --- Taguchi --- Minitab --- optimization --- 2-Amino-2-Methyl-1-Propanol --- modelling and Simulation --- post-combustion capture --- exergy analysis --- flowsheeting configurations --- nanofluids --- absorption intensification --- mass transfer coefficient --- bubble column --- global warming --- membrane contactor --- removal of NO2 and CO2 --- coke oven --- carbonaceous deposits --- spectral analysis --- mechanism --- arsenene --- doping --- first principles study --- gas adsorption --- two-dimensional --- waste polyurethane foam --- physical activation --- high selectivity --- ultra-micropore --- mechanical activation --- iron ore --- carbonation --- calcination --- recyclability --- mechanochemical reactions --- carbonation kinetics --- MXene --- gas separation --- Knudsen diffusion --- molecular sieving --- transport mechanism --- spiral nozzle --- gas absorption --- spray atomization --- droplet size --- droplet velocity --- gas emission --- capture --- CO2 --- in situ gasification chemical looping combustion --- high-flux circulating fluidized bed --- counter-flow moving bed --- gas leakage --- coupling mechanism --- carbon capture and utilization --- biogas upgrading --- calcium carbonate precipitation --- chemical absorption --- gas pressure --- gas content --- gas basic parameters --- rapid estimation technology --- supercritical water oxidation --- high-pressure separation --- oxygen recovery --- energy recovery --- economic analysis --- coal-direct chemical looping combustion --- theoretical methodology --- high-flux --- pressure gradient --- gas mole fraction --- activity --- UNIFAC --- phase equilibrium --- threshold value --- CO2 capture --- calcium looping --- chemical sorption --- anti-attrition --- pore-former particle size --- Reaction --- kinetics --- carbon dioxide --- N-methyldiethanolamine --- L-Arginine --- stopped flow technique --- carbon capture --- CO2 sequestration --- steel-making waste --- steel slag --- H2S absorption --- amine solutions --- glycols --- desulfurization --- aqueous and non-aqueous solutions --- gas diffusion --- unipore diffusion model --- bidisperse diffusion model --- dispersive diffusion model --- refinery plants --- industrial gas streams --- petrochemical processes --- waste gases --- activated carbons --- catalytic activation --- physicochemical structure --- SO2 adsorption --- optimal conceptual design --- market prediction --- economic uncertainty --- environmental impact --- carbon dioxide separation --- Aspen Plus --- CCGT --- Taguchi --- Minitab --- optimization --- 2-Amino-2-Methyl-1-Propanol --- modelling and Simulation --- post-combustion capture --- exergy analysis --- flowsheeting configurations --- nanofluids --- absorption intensification --- mass transfer coefficient --- bubble column --- global warming --- membrane contactor --- removal of NO2 and CO2 --- coke oven --- carbonaceous deposits --- spectral analysis --- mechanism --- arsenene --- doping --- first principles study --- gas adsorption --- two-dimensional --- waste polyurethane foam --- physical activation --- high selectivity --- ultra-micropore --- mechanical activation --- iron ore --- carbonation --- calcination --- recyclability --- mechanochemical reactions --- carbonation kinetics --- MXene --- gas separation --- Knudsen diffusion --- molecular sieving --- transport mechanism --- spiral nozzle --- gas absorption --- spray atomization --- droplet size --- droplet velocity --- gas emission --- capture --- CO2