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This paper argues that legislative malapportionment, denoting a discrepancy between the share of legislative seats and the share of population held by electoral districts, serves as a tool for pre-democratic elites to preserve their political power and economic interests after a transition to democracy. The authors claim that legislative malapportionment enhances the pre-democratic elite's political influence by over-representing areas that are more likely to vote for parties aligned with the elite. This biased political representation survives in equilibrium as long as it helps democratic consolidation. Using data from Latin America, the authors document empirically that malapportionment increases the probability of transitioning to a democracy. Moreover, the data show that over-represented electoral districts are more likely to vote for parties close to pre-democracy ruling groups. The analysis also finds that overrepresented areas have lower levels of political competition and receive more transfers per capita from the central government, both of which favor the persistence of power of pre-democracy elites.

Democracies --- Democratic regimes --- Economic power --- Elections --- Electoral systems --- Emerging Markets --- Governance --- Labor Policies --- Legislation --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Parliamentary Government --- Political Economy --- Political groups --- Political influence --- Political representation --- Political Systems and Analysis --- Private Sector Development --- Social Protections and Labor --- Voting

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A free ebook version of this title is available through Luminos, University of California Press's open access publishing program for monographs. Visit www.luminosoa.org to learn more. Who are the dominant owners of U.S. public debt? Is it widely held, or concentrated in the hands of a few? Does ownership of public debt give these bondholders power over our government? What do we make of the fact that foreign-owned debt has ballooned to nearly 50 percent today? Until now, we have not had any satisfactory answers to these questions. Public Debt, Inequality, and Power is the first comprehensive historical analysis of public debt ownership in the United States. It reveals that ownership of federal bonds has been increasingly concentrated in the hands of the 1 percent over the last three decades. Based on extensive and original research, Public Debt, Inequality, and Power will shock and enlighten.

Debts, Public --- Government securities --- 21st century america. --- american economy. --- american government. --- american history. --- bondholders. --- capitalism. --- concentrated wealth. --- debt. --- economic history. --- economic inequality. --- economic power. --- foreign owned debt. --- global politics. --- government and governing. --- inequality. --- ownership structure. --- political debate. --- politics. --- public debt ownership. --- public debt. --- public finance. --- social inequality. --- social power. --- top one percent. --- united states of america. --- united states treasury. --- us public debt.

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The arrival of telegraphy and railroads changed power relations throughout the world in the nineteenth century. In the Mesilla region of the American Southwest, it contributed to two distinct and rapid shifts in political and economic power from the 1850s to the 1920s. Torsten Kathke illustrates how the changes these technologies wrought everywhere could be seen at a much accelerated pace here. A local Hispano elite was replaced first by a Hispano-Anglo one, and finally a nationally oriented Anglo elite. As various groups tried to gain, hold, and defend power, the region became bound ever closer to the US economy and to the federal government. »A reader looking for a cultural study of the Mesilla will be greatly rewarded by Kathkes effort.« Bryant Macfarlane, https://networks.h-net.org, 11 (2020) Besprochen in: Technikgeschichte, 57/2 (2020), Amelia Bonea

History; Media; United States; Southwest; Telegraphy; Communication; USA; Railroads; Power Relations; 19th Century; 20th Century; Mesilla; Political Power; Economic Power; US Economy; Federal Government; Cultural History; America; American History; American Studies --- Technological innovations --- Federal government --- Power (Social sciences) --- Exchange theory (Sociology) --- Political science --- Social sciences --- Sociology --- Consensus (Social sciences) --- Empowerment (Social sciences) --- Political power --- Central-local government relations --- Decentralization in government --- Division of powers --- Federal-provincial relations --- Federal-state relations --- Federal systems --- Federalism --- Powers, Division of --- Provincial-federal relations --- State-federal relations --- Creative ability in technology --- Inventions --- Domestication of technology --- Innovation relay centers --- Research, Industrial --- Technology transfer --- Breakthroughs, Technological --- Innovations, Industrial --- Innovations, Technological --- Technical innovations --- Technological breakthroughs --- Technological change --- Economic aspects --- History --- Law and legislation --- Southwestern States --- Southwestern United States --- United States, Southwestern --- Economic conditions. --- Politics and government. --- 19th Century. --- 20th Century. --- America. --- American History. --- American Studies. --- Communication. --- Cultural History. --- Economic Power. --- Federal Government. --- Media. --- Mesilla. --- Political Power. --- Power Relations. --- Railroads. --- Southwest. --- Telegraphy. --- US Economy. --- USA. --- United States.

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In spite of the similarities between Sub-Saharan Africa and the Arab Gulf region (Gulf Cooperation Council states), development policies implemented in these two regions of the world have produced markedly different and even divergent outcomes. While Gulf Cooperation Council states have drawn on hydrocarbon revenues to dramatically transform their economic landscape, Sub-Saharan African countries have exhibited abysmal economic and social outcomes. The remarkable increase in personal income and large current account surpluses in Arab Gulf states is in sharp contrast with widespread poverty and recurrent balance of payments crises in Sub-Saharan Africa. This paper reviews the possible causes of these divergent development paths and discusses the prospects for economic convergence in the new globalization landscape of growing trade ties between the two regions. In particular, it shows that development models underpinned by institutional continuity and intergenerational accountability could enhance long-run growth in Sub-Saharan Africa and income convergence between the two regions.

Access to Finance --- Assets --- Comparative analysis --- Currencies and Exchange Rates --- Debt --- Debt Markets --- Democratic institutions --- Development policies --- Development strategy --- Economic Conditions and Volatility --- Economic growth --- Economic outcomes --- Economic power --- Economic Theory and Research --- Emerging Markets --- Environment --- Environmental Economics and Policies --- Exports --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- GDP --- GDP per capita --- Growth rate --- Income --- Inequality --- Investment and Investment Climate --- Living standards --- Macroeconomic performance --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Natural resources --- Opportunity costs --- Per capita income --- Poverty Reduction --- Private Sector Development --- Pro-Poor Growth --- Wealth

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Japan's catapult to world economic power has inspired many studies by social scientists, but few have looked at the 45 years of postwar Japan through the lens of history. The contributors to this book seek to offer such a view. As they examine three related themes of postwar history, the authors describe an ongoing historical process marked by unexpected changes, such as Japan's extraordinary economic growth, and unanticipated continuities, such as the endurance of conservative rule. A provocative set of interpretative essays by eminent scholars, this book will appeal to anyone interested in the history of twentieth-century Japan and the dilemmas facing Japan today.

HISTORY / Asia / General. --- Japan --- History --- 92 --- JP / Japan - Japon --- J3390 --- J4000.90 --- Geschiedenis. --- Histoire. --- History. --- 92 Geschiedenis. --- 92 Histoire. --- 92 History. --- Geschiedenis --- Japan: History -- Gendai, modern -- postwar Shōwa (1945- ), Heisei period (1989- ), contemporary --- Japan: Social history, history of civilization -- postwar Shōwa (1945- ), Heisei period (1989- ), contemporary --- 1945 - 1989 --- Conditions sociales --- Politique et gouvernement --- Japon --- Histoire --- Japan - History - 1945 --- -Conditions sociales --- -Japan --- 21st century. --- academic. --- asian countries. --- asian history. --- contemporary. --- eastern world. --- economic power. --- economics. --- economy. --- essay collection. --- international. --- japan. --- japanese economy. --- japanese government. --- japanese history. --- japanese politics. --- japanese power. --- japanese. --- modern history. --- modern world. --- postwar japan. --- postwar. --- research. --- scholarly. --- social problems. --- social science. --- social scientists. --- wartime. --- world history. --- world war 2. --- wwii.