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Over the past two decades, China has embarked on an ambitious program of expressway network expansion. By facilitating market integration, this program aims both to promote efficiency at the national level and to contribute to the catch-up of lagging inland regions with prosperous Eastern ones. This paper evaluates the aggregate and spatial economic impacts of China's newly constructed National Expressway Network, focussing, in particular, on its short-run impacts. To achieve this aim, the authors adopt a counterfactual approach based on the estimation and simulation of a structural "new economic geography" model. Overall, they find that aggregate Chinese real income was approximately 6 percent higher than it would have been in 2007 had the expressway network not been built. Although there is considerable heterogeneity in the results, the authors do not find evidence of a significant reduction in disparities across prefectural level regions or of a reduction in urban-rural disparities. If anything, the expressway network appears to have reinforced existing patterns of spatial inequality, although, over time, these will likely be reduced by enhanced migration.

Coastal Regions --- Economic Geography --- Economic Outcomes --- Economic Theory & Research --- Expressways --- Labor Policies --- Lagging Regions --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Regional Economic Development --- Road Investments --- Road Networks --- Roads & Highways --- Rural Disparities --- Social Protections and Labor --- Spatial Inequality --- Statistical Analysis --- Transport --- Transport Economics Policy & Planning

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In spite of the similarities between Sub-Saharan Africa and the Arab Gulf region (Gulf Cooperation Council states), development policies implemented in these two regions of the world have produced markedly different and even divergent outcomes. While Gulf Cooperation Council states have drawn on hydrocarbon revenues to dramatically transform their economic landscape, Sub-Saharan African countries have exhibited abysmal economic and social outcomes. The remarkable increase in personal income and large current account surpluses in Arab Gulf states is in sharp contrast with widespread poverty and recurrent balance of payments crises in Sub-Saharan Africa. This paper reviews the possible causes of these divergent development paths and discusses the prospects for economic convergence in the new globalization landscape of growing trade ties between the two regions. In particular, it shows that development models underpinned by institutional continuity and intergenerational accountability could enhance long-run growth in Sub-Saharan Africa and income convergence between the two regions.

Access to Finance --- Assets --- Comparative analysis --- Currencies and Exchange Rates --- Debt --- Debt Markets --- Democratic institutions --- Development policies --- Development strategy --- Economic Conditions and Volatility --- Economic growth --- Economic outcomes --- Economic power --- Economic Theory and Research --- Emerging Markets --- Environment --- Environmental Economics and Policies --- Exports --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- GDP --- GDP per capita --- Growth rate --- Income --- Inequality --- Investment and Investment Climate --- Living standards --- Macroeconomic performance --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Natural resources --- Opportunity costs --- Per capita income --- Poverty Reduction --- Private Sector Development --- Pro-Poor Growth --- Wealth

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In spite of the similarities between Sub-Saharan Africa and the Arab Gulf region (Gulf Cooperation Council states), development policies implemented in these two regions of the world have produced markedly different and even divergent outcomes. While Gulf Cooperation Council states have drawn on hydrocarbon revenues to dramatically transform their economic landscape, Sub-Saharan African countries have exhibited abysmal economic and social outcomes. The remarkable increase in personal income and large current account surpluses in Arab Gulf states is in sharp contrast with widespread poverty and recurrent balance of payments crises in Sub-Saharan Africa. This paper reviews the possible causes of these divergent development paths and discusses the prospects for economic convergence in the new globalization landscape of growing trade ties between the two regions. In particular, it shows that development models underpinned by institutional continuity and intergenerational accountability could enhance long-run growth in Sub-Saharan Africa and income convergence between the two regions.

Access to Finance --- Assets --- Comparative analysis --- Currencies and Exchange Rates --- Debt --- Debt Markets --- Democratic institutions --- Development policies --- Development strategy --- Economic Conditions and Volatility --- Economic growth --- Economic outcomes --- Economic power --- Economic Theory and Research --- Emerging Markets --- Environment --- Environmental Economics and Policies --- Exports --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- GDP --- GDP per capita --- Growth rate --- Income --- Inequality --- Investment and Investment Climate --- Living standards --- Macroeconomic performance --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Natural resources --- Opportunity costs --- Per capita income --- Poverty Reduction --- Private Sector Development --- Pro-Poor Growth --- Wealth

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Energy systems are transiting from conventional energy systems to modernized and smart energy systems. This Special Issue covers new advances in the emerging technologies for modern energy systems from both technical and management perspectives. In modern energy systems, an integrated and systematic view of different energy systems, from local energy systems and islands to national and multi-national energy hubs, is important. From the customer perspective, a modern energy system is required to have more intelligent appliances and smart customer services. In addition, customers require the provision of more useful information and control options. Another challenge for the energy systems of the future is the increased penetration of renewable energy sources. Hence, new operation and planning tools are required for hosting renewable energy sources as much as possible.

Technology: general issues --- hybrid systems --- photovoltaic --- wind energy --- energy economics --- RES investments --- Zimbabwe --- Africa and energy security --- electricity price forecasting (EPF) --- wind power forecasting (WPF) --- spot market --- balancing market --- ARMAX --- NARX-ANN --- 100% renewable power system --- secondary voltage control --- tertiary voltage control --- grid code --- wind farms --- photovoltaic parks --- energy transition --- renewable energy sources --- island power systems --- hybrid power plants --- wind turbines --- battery energy storage systems --- marine microgrid --- tidal generation system --- black widow optimization --- supplementary control --- fractional integrator --- non-linear fractional integrator --- 100% renewable power generation --- nexus --- food --- energy --- water --- greenhouse gas emission --- microgrid --- ancillary services --- energy storage --- power management --- solar hot waters --- thermosyphon --- thermal performance --- Morocco --- economic outcomes --- CO2 environmental assessment --- solar system --- domestic hot water production --- solar water heaters --- individual and collective solar water heater systems --- dynamic simulation --- TRNbuild --- TRNSYSstudio --- energy management --- residential and commercial loads --- short-term load forecasting --- deep learning --- bidirectional long short-term memory (Bi-LSTM) --- n/a

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Energy systems are transiting from conventional energy systems to modernized and smart energy systems. This Special Issue covers new advances in the emerging technologies for modern energy systems from both technical and management perspectives. In modern energy systems, an integrated and systematic view of different energy systems, from local energy systems and islands to national and multi-national energy hubs, is important. From the customer perspective, a modern energy system is required to have more intelligent appliances and smart customer services. In addition, customers require the provision of more useful information and control options. Another challenge for the energy systems of the future is the increased penetration of renewable energy sources. Hence, new operation and planning tools are required for hosting renewable energy sources as much as possible.

hybrid systems --- photovoltaic --- wind energy --- energy economics --- RES investments --- Zimbabwe --- Africa and energy security --- electricity price forecasting (EPF) --- wind power forecasting (WPF) --- spot market --- balancing market --- ARMAX --- NARX-ANN --- 100% renewable power system --- secondary voltage control --- tertiary voltage control --- grid code --- wind farms --- photovoltaic parks --- energy transition --- renewable energy sources --- island power systems --- hybrid power plants --- wind turbines --- battery energy storage systems --- marine microgrid --- tidal generation system --- black widow optimization --- supplementary control --- fractional integrator --- non-linear fractional integrator --- 100% renewable power generation --- nexus --- food --- energy --- water --- greenhouse gas emission --- microgrid --- ancillary services --- energy storage --- power management --- solar hot waters --- thermosyphon --- thermal performance --- Morocco --- economic outcomes --- CO2 environmental assessment --- solar system --- domestic hot water production --- solar water heaters --- individual and collective solar water heater systems --- dynamic simulation --- TRNbuild --- TRNSYSstudio --- energy management --- residential and commercial loads --- short-term load forecasting --- deep learning --- bidirectional long short-term memory (Bi-LSTM) --- n/a