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It is a contentious issue whether large scale mining creates local employment, and the sector has been accused of hurting women's labor supply and economic opportunities. This paper uses the rapid expansion of mining in Sub-Saharan Africa to analyze local structural shifts. It matches 109 openings and 84 closings of industrial mines to survey data for 800,000 individuals and exploits the spatial-temporal variation. With mine opening, women living within 20 km of a mine switch from self-employment in agriculture to working in services or they leave the work force. Men switch from agriculture to skilled manual labor. Effects are stronger in years of high world prices. Mining creates local boom-bust economies in Africa, with permanent effects on women's labor market participation.

Economic Opportunities --- Economic Theory & Research --- Labor Markets --- Labor Policies --- Local Structural Shifts --- Population Policies --- Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems --- Skilled Manual Labor --- Social Development --- Women's Labor Market Participation --- Women's Labor Supply

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The range of women's work and its contribution to the family economy studied here for the first time. Despite the growth of women's history and rural social history in the past thirty years, the work performed by women who lived in the nineteenth-century English countryside is still an under-researched issue. Verdon directly addresses this gap in the historiography, placing the rural female labourer centre stage for the first time. The involvement of women in the rural labour market as farm servants, as day labourers in agriculture, and as domestic workers, are all examined using a wide range of printed and unpublished sources from across England. The roles village women performed in the informal rural economy (household labour, gathering resources and exploiting systems of barter and exchange) are also assessed. Changes in women's economic opportunities are explored, alongside the implications of region, age, marital status, number of children in the family and local custom; women's economic contribution to the rural labouring household is established as a critical part of family subsistence, despite criticism of such work and the rise in male wages after 1850. NICOLA VERDON is a Research Fellow in the Rural History Centre, University of Reading.

Agricultural laborers --- Rural women --- Women employees --- Women --- History --- Employment --- Human females --- Wimmin --- Woman --- Womon --- Womyn --- Females --- Human beings --- Femininity --- Agricultural workers --- Farm labor --- Farm laborers --- Farm workers --- Farmhands --- Farmworkers --- Employees --- Female employees --- Women workers --- Working women --- Workingwomen --- Day Labourers. --- Domestic Workers. --- Economic Opportunities. --- Family Economy. --- Family Subsistence. --- Farm Servants. --- Marital Status. --- Nineteenth-Century England. --- Rural Women Workers.

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An influential body of theoretical research and an emerging line of empirical work suggest that the operation of the formal financial system affects the degree to which economic opportunities are defined by talent and initiative rather than by parental wealth and social connections. This paper discusses the theory of how financial markets influence economic opportunity and reviews recent empirical work on the relation between formal financial systems and poverty, income inequality, and economic opportunity. The authors consider recent efforts to measure the ability of households and small enterprises to access financial services, the impact of this access, and the mechanisms through which finance affects poverty and inequality. The authors argue that considerably more research is needed to identify which formal financial sector policies enhance the operation of the financial system in ways that expand the economic horizons of the economically disenfranchised.

Access to Finance --- Banks and Banking Reform --- Debt Markets --- Economic Opportunities --- Economic Opportunity --- Economic Theory and Research --- Emerging Markets --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial Markets --- Financial Services --- Financial System --- Financial Systems --- Formal Financial Sector --- Households --- Inequality --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Private Sector Development --- Small Enterprises

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This paper documents significant differences in the impacts the war in Aceh had on ex-combatants and civilians and how these differences shaped the post-war decision-making processes of their households. Because of the overwhelming percentage of the ex-combatant population in rural areas (over 90 percent), particular attention is paid to the agricultural sector. The second section provides summary statistics of former combatants' household and individual characteristics, and economic conditions. In order to place the economic conditions of former combatants in context, the section will include a comparison of former combatants with civilians. After the end of the war, ex-combatants were found to have fewer assets, more injuries, and lower educational attainment than civilians. After providing an overview of the economic welfare of former combatants and civilians, an analytical framework is developed in the third section that will be used to understand the variation in economic outcomes of former combatants. The framework will draw connections between the varying degree to which war affects individuals and communities to the post-war decisions and processes that lead to differences in ex-combatants' economic outcomes. In the fourth section, field data from nine village case studies from three districts in Aceh will be marshaled to place the analytical framework in the context of Aceh. In particular, the framework and field data suggest that the more limited physical and human capital endowments constrained the choices of former combatants since they had to maintain enough liquidity to meet their consumption needs rather than being able to invest in more productive activities. The fifth section will outline various hypotheses that emerge from the analytical framework as well as from the qualitative data and section six will assess the various hypotheses on the statistical evidence from the ARLS data. Thus, section six will provide a broad assessment of the observable implications of the analytical framework developed in sections three and four. In particular, ex-combatants with fewer assets and a lack of access to capital were more likely to have lower incomes and to engage in quickly maturing, but lower return, economic activities. The paper will conclude with an examination of the implications of the findings for reintegration and development policy in Aceh as well as for other post-war contexts elsewhere.

Accounting --- Agriculture --- Bonds --- Capital Markets --- Child Soldiers --- Conflict and Development --- Conflict Resolution --- Corruption & anticorruption Law --- Developing Countries --- Development Policy --- Economic Opportunities --- Educational Attainment --- Elections --- Extortion --- Gdp --- Human Capital --- Human Rights --- Labor Market --- Law and Development --- Leadership --- Post Conflict Reconstruction --- Social Conflict and Violence --- Social Development

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This note discusses the development challenge of finding durable solutions for refugees and Internally Displaced Peoples (IDPs), and the relevance of this challenge for the World Development Report (WDR) on securing development in fragile and conflict affected settings. The note will describe (i) the scale, trends, and impact of forced displacement; (ii) the development challenge of finding durable solutions for those displaced; (iii) current practice on addressing this development challenge; (iv) the connections between the political, security and developmental aspects of forced displacement including regional spillover and impacts; and (v) suggestions as to what governments and the international development community can do in order to move beyond humanitarian emergency assistance and contribute to durable solutions for refugees and IDPs in return or displacement situations.

Access to Education --- Asylum --- Communities --- Conflict --- Conflict and Development --- Crime --- Economic Opportunities --- Education --- Education For All --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Human Migrations & Resettlements --- Human Rights --- International Cooperation --- Migration --- Natural Disasters --- Needs Assessment --- Population Policies --- Post Conflict Reconstruction --- Refugees --- Rehabilitation --- Rule of Law --- Social Capital --- Social Cohesion --- Social Development --- Violence --- Voluntary and Involuntary Resettlement --- Vulnerable Groups