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Three of the eleven papers focused on groundwater recharge and its impacts on the groundwater regime, in which recharge was caused by riverbed leakage from river ecological restoration (artificial water replenishment). The issues of the hydrogeological parameters involved (such as the influence radius) were also reconsidered. Six papers focused on the impact of river ecological replenishment and other human activities on river and watershed ecology, and on groundwater quality and use function. The issues of ecological security at the watershed scale and deterioration of groundwater quality were of particular concern. Two papers focused on water resources carrying capacity and water resources reallocation at the regional scale, in the context of the fact that ecological water demand has been a significant topic of concern. The use of unconventional water resources such as brackish water has been emphasized in the research in this issue.

influence radius --- Dupuit --- Thiem --- groundwater flow system --- sustainable development --- hydrogeochemistry --- ionic ratios --- factor analysis --- inverse modeling --- Yangtze River --- water resources carrying capacity --- uncertainty analysis --- fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model --- weight sensitivity analysis --- Yongding River --- groundwater numerical simulation --- artificial ecological water supplement --- groundwater recharge resources amount evaluation --- alga control --- typical biological chain --- Ecopath model --- ecological restoration --- Lianshi Lake --- Songnen Plain --- groundwater --- fluorine --- distribution --- formation --- human health risk --- groundwater quality --- groundwater hydrochemistry --- drinking suitability --- irrigation suitability --- health risk assessment --- watershed ecological security assessment --- DPSIR model framework --- environmental management --- water allocation --- brackish water --- general algebraic modeling system --- water diversion project --- numerical simulation --- MODFLOW --- n/a

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Ecological protection and high-quality development in the basin of the Yellow River, known as China’s “Mother River” and “the cradle of Chinese civilization”, have been receiving increasing attention because of the important role they play in China’s economic and social development, and its cultural heritage. Under ongoing climate change and intense human activities, the Yellow River basin is facing crucial challenges, e.g., flooding, water security, water resource shortage, water pollution, and ecological environment degradation, which seriously affects the sustainable development of the regional economy and society. Meanwhile, significant differences in key characteristics across the upper, middle, and lower reaches call for joint management efforts, including integrated management, water conservancy, and ecological environment restoration. This Special Issue focusses on the current state, challenges, and suggestions relating to Yellow River basin management and sustainable development under pressure, aiming to help improve ecological protection and achieve high-quality development. The following topics, including the management, restoration and protection of the Yellow River basin, and harmonious regulation of the human–water relationship were systematically studied.

Business strategy --- Management of specific areas --- Gini coefficient --- fairness principle --- double-level --- water-saving potential --- Weihe River basin --- Budyko framework --- runoff changes --- climate change --- underlying surface parameters --- human activities --- Yellow River --- cultivated land --- Object-Oriented Feature Extraction --- wheat --- corn --- water use level --- SBM-DEA model --- window-DEA model --- economic and social development --- matching degree --- yellow river basin --- water–energy–food --- harmony equilibrium --- harmonious regulation --- the Yellow River --- bank collapse --- sediment transportation --- numerical simulation --- curved channel --- cohesive --- cross-sectional shape --- asymmetry --- water and sediment factor --- transverse distribution --- wandering river channel --- Wuliangsuhai Lake --- ecological water demand --- ecological water supplement --- ecological function --- heavy metals --- sediment interstitial water --- sediment --- chemical fraction --- ecological risk --- water quality characteristics --- cause --- groundwater --- middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River --- water rights allocation --- coordinated development --- water–ecology–energy–food --- emergy method --- Yinchuan city --- return period --- Pearson-III distribution --- “7.20” rainstorm --- Yiluo River basin --- Xiaohua section --- soil erosion --- influencing factors --- RUSLE --- the optimal parameters-based geographical detector --- scale effects --- the Yellow River Basin --- Sanhe region --- early sites --- spatial and temporal distribution --- human-territorial relationship --- GIS --- high-quality development --- environmental regulation --- local government competition --- panel threshold regression model --- Yellow River basin --- the ancient Yellow River distributary --- early settlements --- aggregation characteristics --- Zhengzhou --- n/a --- water-energy-food --- water-ecology-energy-food --- "7.20" rainstorm