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Ecological protection and high-quality development in the basin of the Yellow River, known as China’s “Mother River” and “the cradle of Chinese civilization”, have been receiving increasing attention because of the important role they play in China’s economic and social development, and its cultural heritage. Under ongoing climate change and intense human activities, the Yellow River basin is facing crucial challenges, e.g., flooding, water security, water resource shortage, water pollution, and ecological environment degradation, which seriously affects the sustainable development of the regional economy and society. Meanwhile, significant differences in key characteristics across the upper, middle, and lower reaches call for joint management efforts, including integrated management, water conservancy, and ecological environment restoration. This Special Issue focusses on the current state, challenges, and suggestions relating to Yellow River basin management and sustainable development under pressure, aiming to help improve ecological protection and achieve high-quality development. The following topics, including the management, restoration and protection of the Yellow River basin, and harmonious regulation of the human–water relationship were systematically studied.

Business strategy --- Management of specific areas --- Gini coefficient --- fairness principle --- double-level --- water-saving potential --- Weihe River basin --- Budyko framework --- runoff changes --- climate change --- underlying surface parameters --- human activities --- Yellow River --- cultivated land --- Object-Oriented Feature Extraction --- wheat --- corn --- water use level --- SBM-DEA model --- window-DEA model --- economic and social development --- matching degree --- yellow river basin --- water–energy–food --- harmony equilibrium --- harmonious regulation --- the Yellow River --- bank collapse --- sediment transportation --- numerical simulation --- curved channel --- cohesive --- cross-sectional shape --- asymmetry --- water and sediment factor --- transverse distribution --- wandering river channel --- Wuliangsuhai Lake --- ecological water demand --- ecological water supplement --- ecological function --- heavy metals --- sediment interstitial water --- sediment --- chemical fraction --- ecological risk --- water quality characteristics --- cause --- groundwater --- middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River --- water rights allocation --- coordinated development --- water–ecology–energy–food --- emergy method --- Yinchuan city --- return period --- Pearson-III distribution --- “7.20” rainstorm --- Yiluo River basin --- Xiaohua section --- soil erosion --- influencing factors --- RUSLE --- the optimal parameters-based geographical detector --- scale effects --- the Yellow River Basin --- Sanhe region --- early sites --- spatial and temporal distribution --- human-territorial relationship --- GIS --- high-quality development --- environmental regulation --- local government competition --- panel threshold regression model --- Yellow River basin --- the ancient Yellow River distributary --- early settlements --- aggregation characteristics --- Zhengzhou --- n/a --- water-energy-food --- water-ecology-energy-food --- "7.20" rainstorm

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This Book includes selected papers that has been published in the Water journal Special Issue (SI) on Water Supply and Water Scarcity. Moreover, an overview of the SI is included. The papers selected for publication in the SI include review and research papers on water history, on water management issues under water scarcity regimes, on rainwater harvesting, on water quality and degradation, and on climatic variability impacts on water resources. Overall, the issue identify and highlight the main challenges in water sector, and particularly in management and protection of water resources and in use of alternative (non-conventional) water resources, especially in areas with demographic change and climate vulnerability in order to achieve sustainable and secure water supply. Furthermore, general guidelines and possible solutions for an improved and sophisticated water management system are proposed and discussed, such as the adoption of advanced technological solutions and practices that improve water-use efficiency and the use of alternative water resources, to address the growing environmental and health issues and to reduce the emerging conflicts among water users.

drought --- early warning --- water scarcity --- water supply --- routine monitoring --- hydrologic modeling --- remote sensing --- GIS --- alternative water source --- rainwater harvesting --- arid and semi-arid areas --- hydraulics --- dividing flow manifold --- showerheads --- sprays --- dissolved oxygen --- climate change --- water budget --- general circulation model --- modeling --- stream flow changes --- soil water --- RCP --- Aculeo Lagoon --- Chile --- water demands --- water management --- rainwater harvesting system --- multi-storey residential building --- end-uses --- economic feasibility --- satisfaction survey --- ecological water demand --- reservoir ecological operation --- MIKE 11 model --- PHABSIM model --- watershed management --- water quality --- conventional farming --- organic farming --- nitrate --- residual sodium carbonate --- sodium adsorption ratio --- total dissolved solids --- irrigation practices --- Aztecs --- bronze age --- Byzantine times --- Chinese dynasties --- Egyptians --- Harappans --- Hellenic civilizations --- Incas --- medieval times --- Mayas --- Mesopotamia --- Minoans --- modern times --- Ottoman times --- Romans --- n/a --- water resources management --- water reuse --- climate variability --- circular economy --- sustainability --- long-term --- regional water supply planning --- alternative water supply --- projects --- expenditures --- investments --- conservation --- intermittent water supply --- pressure monitoring --- unreliable water supply --- pipe breaks --- water distribution system --- water system operation --- water scarcity regime --- water use efficiency --- rain harvesting --- desalination