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L'hépatite E (HEV) est une infection mondiale.Elle est responsable d'approximativement 20 millions d'infections dans le monde chaque année. Quatre génotypes du virus affectent l'homme. Les génotypes 1 et 2 touchent principalement les personnes habitant dans les pays en voie de développement tandis que les génotypes 3 et 4 affectent les pays industrialisés. Le diagnostic de la maladie est basé sur la détection IgG et IgM anti-HEV dans le sérum humain en utilisant des méthodes d'immuno essais. Ce diagnostic peut être confirmé par RT PCR en détectant l'ARN viral dans le sérum. La variabilité considérable de la performance des tests sérologiques et de la précision de la RT-PCR rend compliquée la détermination de la prévalence et l'incidence de la maladie. La transmission du virus dans les pays en voie de développement se fait principalement par voie oro-fécale. Tandis que dans les pays industrialisés, elle se fait surtout en consommant de la viande de porcs contaminés. Pour la plupart des patients, l'infection par le HEV est asymptomatique et elle est éliminée spontanément. Pour d'autres par contre, l'infection au HEV est plus problématique. Les femmes enceintes atteintes par le HEV de génotype 1 peuvent souffrir de complications graves pour elle et le fœtus. Chez les patients transplantés, HIV+ ou souffrant de leucémie, une infection par le HEV de génotype 3 peut devenir chronique et nécessiter un traitement médicamenteux, tel qu'une réduction d'immunosuppresseurs ou l'utilisation d'une thérapie antivirale. Une infection chronique du HEV peut provoquer une maladie sévère du foie qui peut évoluer vers une cirrhose. Des améliorations dans la détection du virus et dans le traitement de celui-ci sont nécessaires afin de mieux contrôler la chronicité du virus. Hepatitis E is an infection present worldwide. It is responsible for about 20 million cases of infection in the world every year. Four genotypes of the virus can affect humans. Genotypes 1 and 2 mainly touch people living in developing countries while genotypes 3 and 4 affect developed countries. The diagnosis of disease is based on the detection of IgG and IgM anti-HEV in human serum using immunoassay techniques. That diagnosis can be confirmed by RT-PCR by detecting viral RNA in serum. The high variability of the performance of serological tests and of the precision of RT-PCR makes it complicated to determine the prevalence and the incidence of the disease. The transmission of the virus in developing countries generally occurs through the oral-fecal route, while in developed countries, it mainly occurs by consuming contaminated pork products. For most patients, HEV infection is asymptomatic and they eliminate it spontaneously, though for some other patients, HEV infection can be more problematic. Pregnant women with HEV of genotype 1 can suffer serious complications, as well as their developing fetus. In transplanted patients, HIV patients or patients with leukemia, HEV infection of genotype 3 can become chronic and require drug treatment, such as a reduction of immunosuppressant’s or the use of an antiviral therapy. A chronic HEV infection can cause a serious liver disease which can progress to cirrhosis. Improvements in the detection of the virus and in its treatment are needed in order to better control the chronicity of the virus.
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For anyone thinking about starting an online business, this resource provides all the steps needed to take an idea and turn it into reality. Wiley Pathways E-Business begins by discussing the legal considerations involved in launching the business as well as tips for acquiring the necessary financing. It also delves into the techniques to follow for operating the e-business, including selecting the right products, managing inventory, creating a marketing plan, and more. The book then covers how to create a secure Web site that can track customer data. Part 1: Getting Started in E-Business. 1. An Introduction to E-Business. 2. The Law, Ethics, and Consumer Policies. 3. Planning an E-Business. 4. Financing and Launching an E-Business. 5. Accounting and Taxes. Part 2: Operating an E-Business. 6. Online Revenues and Payments. 7. Products, Inventory, and Fulfillment. 8. Marketing an E-Business. 9. Effectively Using Search Engines. 10. E-Business Customer Service. Part 3: Creating and Operating a Website. 11. Equipment, Software, and Web Hosting. 12. Successful Web Site Design. 13. Tracking and Analyzing Customer Data. 14. E-Business Security. Glossary. Credits. Index.
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