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Based on quantitative and qualitative data, this paper attempts to identify the main reasons why cargo dwell time in Durban port has dramatically reduced in the past decade to a current average of 3-4 days. A major customs reform; changes in port storage tariffs coupled with strict enforcement; massive investments in infrastructure and equipment; and changing customer behavior through contractualization between the port operator and shipping lines or between customs, importers, and brokers have all played a major role. The main lesson for Sub-Saharan Africa that can be drawn from Durban is that cargo dwell time is mainly a function of the characteristics of the private sector, but it is the onus of public sector players, such as customs and the port authority, to put pressure on the private sector to make more efficient use of the port and reduce cargo dwell time.

Airports and Air Services --- Cargo dwell time --- Common Carriers Industry --- Customs --- Port --- Ports & Waterways --- Transport --- Transport and Trade Logistics --- Transport Economics Policy & Planning --- Durban --- South Africa

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This paper investigates the main factors explaining long container dwell times in African Ports. Using original and extensive data on container imports in the Port of Douala, it seeks to provide a basic understanding of why containers stay on average more than two weeks in gateway ports in Africa while long dwell times are widely recognized as a critical hindrance to economic development. It also demonstrates the interrelationships that exist between logistics performance of consignees, operational performance of port operators and efficiency of customs clearance operations. Shipment level analysis is used to identify the main determinants of long cargo dwell times and the impact of shipment characteristics such as fiscal regime, density of value, bulking and packaging type, last port of call, and region of origin or commodity group on cargo dwell time in ports is tested. External factors, such as performance of clearing and forwarding agents, shippers and shipping line strategies, also play an important role in the determination of long dwell times. Cargo dwell time distribution has many specificities, including broad-tail, high variance or right-censoring, which requires in-depth statistical analysis prior to any design of policy recommendations.

Common Carriers Industry --- Customs and Trade --- Dwell Time --- E-Business --- Logistics --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Ports --- Transport and Trade Logistics --- Transport Economics Policy & Planning --- Sub-Saharan Africa

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This Special Issue on “Fabrication of Carbon and related materials/ Metal Hybrids and Composites” presents the importance of the development of new composite and hybrid materials in different fields. It consists of 17 articles contributed by authors from different countries all over the world. The articles can be categorized into four classes. The first class of includes articles focusing on the synthesis of carbon fibers, carbon nanotubes, and graphene hybrid and composite materials. The results include the developments of the methodology and know-how of the synthesis and functionalization of the graphene surface of fibers and nanotubes and their effects on binding with the metal matrix. The second class focuses on the synthesis of new polymeric materials based on pitch/polyethylene composites and their electrical and mechanical properties, including the correlations with its microstructures. Additionally, the second class presents the results of articles, including the synthesis of new biocompatible and eco-friendly metal oxide/polymer materials with antibacterial and antimicrobial activities. The third class includes articles focused on the applications of ceramic metal oxides, such as silica and clays in the development of solar cells and in the fabrications of membranes of water treatments and desalinations. The last part of this Special Issue presents results of the articles focused on high-entropy alloys and metal matrix composites and their weldability.

Technology: general issues --- carbon long fibers --- copper composites --- electroless copper deposition --- electroless silver deposition --- copper electroplating --- contact electrical resistivity --- ultrafiltration --- red clay --- calcium fluoride powder --- wastewater --- oil separation --- ZnO nanoparticles --- green synthesis --- cytotoxicity --- anticancer activity --- chemotherapeutic drugs --- doxorubicin --- gemcitabine --- MDA-MB 231cell line --- triple-negative breast cancer treatment --- high entropy alloys --- electroless copper plating --- thermal expansion --- hardness --- compressive strength --- direct friction stir processing --- in situ composites --- surface composites --- TES --- PCM --- paraffin wax --- multi-walled CNTs --- SEM --- EDX --- TGA --- FTIR --- indentation --- room temperature --- liquid nitrogen temperature --- spalling --- Si-NWs --- nanoscale chemical templating (NCT) --- PV --- copper --- nanocomposites --- metal-matrix composites (MMCs) --- mechanical properties --- spark plasma sintering --- hybrid materials --- chemical precipitation --- Carbopol --- BET surface area --- zeta-potential --- antibacterial activity --- mesophase-pitch --- polyethylene --- carbon-fibres --- morphology --- winder --- blend --- hot pressing --- aluminum matrix composites --- electroless silver and nickel precipitation --- wear resistance --- graphene --- silica --- hybrid composites --- adsorbents --- energy storages --- biomedical fields --- catalysts --- chemical vapor deposition (CVD) --- silicon (Si) --- nanowires (NWs) --- silica microspheres --- photovoltaic (PV) cells --- copper-zinc alloy --- graphene nanosheets --- microstructure --- electrical conductivity --- thermal conductivity --- wear rate --- extrusion --- dwell time --- mesophase pitch --- mixed CNT bundle --- crosstalk delay --- interconnect --- propagation delay --- RLC model --- nanodecoration --- first-principles calculations --- adsorption --- CO2 electroreduction --- carbon long fibers --- copper composites --- electroless copper deposition --- electroless silver deposition --- copper electroplating --- contact electrical resistivity --- ultrafiltration --- red clay --- calcium fluoride powder --- wastewater --- oil separation --- ZnO nanoparticles --- green synthesis --- cytotoxicity --- anticancer activity --- chemotherapeutic drugs --- doxorubicin --- gemcitabine --- MDA-MB 231cell line --- triple-negative breast cancer treatment --- high entropy alloys --- electroless copper plating --- thermal expansion --- hardness --- compressive strength --- direct friction stir processing --- in situ composites --- surface composites --- TES --- PCM --- paraffin wax --- multi-walled CNTs --- SEM --- EDX --- TGA --- FTIR --- indentation --- room temperature --- liquid nitrogen temperature --- spalling --- Si-NWs --- nanoscale chemical templating (NCT) --- PV --- copper --- nanocomposites --- metal-matrix composites (MMCs) --- mechanical properties --- spark plasma sintering --- hybrid materials --- chemical precipitation --- Carbopol --- BET surface area --- zeta-potential --- antibacterial activity --- mesophase-pitch --- polyethylene --- carbon-fibres --- morphology --- winder --- blend --- hot pressing --- aluminum matrix composites --- electroless silver and nickel precipitation --- wear resistance --- graphene --- silica --- hybrid composites --- adsorbents --- energy storages --- biomedical fields --- catalysts --- chemical vapor deposition (CVD) --- silicon (Si) --- nanowires (NWs) --- silica microspheres --- photovoltaic (PV) cells --- copper-zinc alloy --- graphene nanosheets --- microstructure --- electrical conductivity --- thermal conductivity --- wear rate --- extrusion --- dwell time --- mesophase pitch --- mixed CNT bundle --- crosstalk delay --- interconnect --- propagation delay --- RLC model --- nanodecoration --- first-principles calculations --- adsorption --- CO2 electroreduction

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This Special Issue on “Fabrication of Carbon and related materials/ Metal Hybrids and Composites” presents the importance of the development of new composite and hybrid materials in different fields. It consists of 17 articles contributed by authors from different countries all over the world. The articles can be categorized into four classes. The first class of includes articles focusing on the synthesis of carbon fibers, carbon nanotubes, and graphene hybrid and composite materials. The results include the developments of the methodology and know-how of the synthesis and functionalization of the graphene surface of fibers and nanotubes and their effects on binding with the metal matrix. The second class focuses on the synthesis of new polymeric materials based on pitch/polyethylene composites and their electrical and mechanical properties, including the correlations with its microstructures. Additionally, the second class presents the results of articles, including the synthesis of new biocompatible and eco-friendly metal oxide/polymer materials with antibacterial and antimicrobial activities. The third class includes articles focused on the applications of ceramic metal oxides, such as silica and clays in the development of solar cells and in the fabrications of membranes of water treatments and desalinations. The last part of this Special Issue presents results of the articles focused on high-entropy alloys and metal matrix composites and their weldability.

Technology: general issues --- carbon long fibers --- copper composites --- electroless copper deposition --- electroless silver deposition --- copper electroplating --- contact electrical resistivity --- ultrafiltration --- red clay --- calcium fluoride powder --- wastewater --- oil separation --- ZnO nanoparticles --- green synthesis --- cytotoxicity --- anticancer activity --- chemotherapeutic drugs --- doxorubicin --- gemcitabine --- MDA-MB 231cell line --- triple-negative breast cancer treatment --- high entropy alloys --- electroless copper plating --- thermal expansion --- hardness --- compressive strength --- direct friction stir processing --- in situ composites --- surface composites --- TES --- PCM --- paraffin wax --- multi-walled CNTs --- SEM --- EDX --- TGA --- FTIR --- indentation --- room temperature --- liquid nitrogen temperature --- spalling --- Si-NWs --- nanoscale chemical templating (NCT) --- PV --- copper --- nanocomposites --- metal-matrix composites (MMCs) --- mechanical properties --- spark plasma sintering --- hybrid materials --- chemical precipitation --- Carbopol --- BET surface area --- zeta-potential --- antibacterial activity --- mesophase-pitch --- polyethylene --- carbon-fibres --- morphology --- winder --- blend --- hot pressing --- aluminum matrix composites --- electroless silver and nickel precipitation --- wear resistance --- graphene --- silica --- hybrid composites --- adsorbents --- energy storages --- biomedical fields --- catalysts --- chemical vapor deposition (CVD) --- silicon (Si) --- nanowires (NWs) --- silica microspheres --- photovoltaic (PV) cells --- copper-zinc alloy --- graphene nanosheets --- microstructure --- electrical conductivity --- thermal conductivity --- wear rate --- extrusion --- dwell time --- mesophase pitch --- mixed CNT bundle --- crosstalk delay --- interconnect --- propagation delay --- RLC model --- nanodecoration --- first-principles calculations --- adsorption --- CO2 electroreduction

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

This Special Issue on “Fabrication of Carbon and related materials/ Metal Hybrids and Composites” presents the importance of the development of new composite and hybrid materials in different fields. It consists of 17 articles contributed by authors from different countries all over the world. The articles can be categorized into four classes. The first class of includes articles focusing on the synthesis of carbon fibers, carbon nanotubes, and graphene hybrid and composite materials. The results include the developments of the methodology and know-how of the synthesis and functionalization of the graphene surface of fibers and nanotubes and their effects on binding with the metal matrix. The second class focuses on the synthesis of new polymeric materials based on pitch/polyethylene composites and their electrical and mechanical properties, including the correlations with its microstructures. Additionally, the second class presents the results of articles, including the synthesis of new biocompatible and eco-friendly metal oxide/polymer materials with antibacterial and antimicrobial activities. The third class includes articles focused on the applications of ceramic metal oxides, such as silica and clays in the development of solar cells and in the fabrications of membranes of water treatments and desalinations. The last part of this Special Issue presents results of the articles focused on high-entropy alloys and metal matrix composites and their weldability.

carbon long fibers --- copper composites --- electroless copper deposition --- electroless silver deposition --- copper electroplating --- contact electrical resistivity --- ultrafiltration --- red clay --- calcium fluoride powder --- wastewater --- oil separation --- ZnO nanoparticles --- green synthesis --- cytotoxicity --- anticancer activity --- chemotherapeutic drugs --- doxorubicin --- gemcitabine --- MDA-MB 231cell line --- triple-negative breast cancer treatment --- high entropy alloys --- electroless copper plating --- thermal expansion --- hardness --- compressive strength --- direct friction stir processing --- in situ composites --- surface composites --- TES --- PCM --- paraffin wax --- multi-walled CNTs --- SEM --- EDX --- TGA --- FTIR --- indentation --- room temperature --- liquid nitrogen temperature --- spalling --- Si-NWs --- nanoscale chemical templating (NCT) --- PV --- copper --- nanocomposites --- metal-matrix composites (MMCs) --- mechanical properties --- spark plasma sintering --- hybrid materials --- chemical precipitation --- Carbopol --- BET surface area --- zeta-potential --- antibacterial activity --- mesophase-pitch --- polyethylene --- carbon-fibres --- morphology --- winder --- blend --- hot pressing --- aluminum matrix composites --- electroless silver and nickel precipitation --- wear resistance --- graphene --- silica --- hybrid composites --- adsorbents --- energy storages --- biomedical fields --- catalysts --- chemical vapor deposition (CVD) --- silicon (Si) --- nanowires (NWs) --- silica microspheres --- photovoltaic (PV) cells --- copper-zinc alloy --- graphene nanosheets --- microstructure --- electrical conductivity --- thermal conductivity --- wear rate --- extrusion --- dwell time --- mesophase pitch --- mixed CNT bundle --- crosstalk delay --- interconnect --- propagation delay --- RLC model --- nanodecoration --- first-principles calculations --- adsorption --- CO2 electroreduction