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The thesis will investigate the casual link between language and security and how language, and in particular Arabic, could be used as a dual-use instrument in this context. To do this we will first carry out a conceptual analysis of the terms, and in particular we will focus on the concept of security. The rest of the study will work out how a language security should look like by developing a theoretical framework of analysis and by looking at elements already in place that could be considered as the backbone for a language security. The data that will be utilized to research this will be taken from relevant research already done in the field, such as in the case of Garcia-Sanchez‘s research, legal materials in the treaties, and pertinent case studies where the evident link between language and security is observable. The research will be aimed at developing a pragmatic framework capable of offering a new instrument that could be used by policy makers in sensitive security issues such as terrorism and its derivative threats, radicalization to name one. The context in which the language-security causal link will be developed is that of a new security, a concept that evolved through the years to gradually include a number of new threats that were not considered as such, such as IT, biochemical, food and even information items. In this context, elements that are considered as new are often associated with dual-use instruments given that we see an evolution from non-securitarian to securitarian framing, and in our relevant case this thesis will propose that language will and/or should be considered as one of the next generation dual-use instruments.

Dual use --- languages --- arabic --- security --- Droit, criminologie & sciences politiques > Sciences politiques, administration publique & relations internationales

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The object of this work is to analyse since when the topics of terrorism and non-proliferation merged on the International and European agenda in relation to trade control of sensitive goods . From 2001 we seek to analyse how in Multilateral fora and European institutions the issue of WMD non-proliferation has been related to the appearance of a branched network of terrorism, and what have been (if any), the consequences of such a connection on trade control systems, or more generally on non-proliferation policies. Since when is terrorism introduced as an assessment criterion in the trade of sensitive goods? And there have been other measures undertaken on the issue of counter-proliferation?
The first chapter introduces a brief description of the main terms referred to in this work, namely terrorism, export control and and dual-use.
The second chapter is focused on the on the measures agreed at the International level, with regard to the role of the UN and the principal multilateral arrangements of export-control and non-proliferation. In the first section is presented the reaction of the UNSC through the analysis of key resolutions. The second section is about the initiatives promoted by the UNGA in the field of counter-terrorism in its link to CBRN proliferation. The third section examines how the international export-control and non-proliferation groups addressed the threat constituted by the risk of diversion to terrorists.
The third chapter deals with the role played by the European Union. The first section concerns the elaboration of the main policy guidelines and strategies agreed by the EU institutions to cope with the threat and the possible consequences posed by terrorist attacks and the resort to the use of WMD related materials. The second section analyses the strongholds of the current EU trade control system of dual-use goods, as well as the proposed lines of development of its upcoming revision. Finally, the third section draws the attention on the role of the European Parliamentary scrutiny of the EU measures in preventing and responding the risk arising from terrorism and proliferation.
The conclusions show that after 2001, and with revived emphasis after 2004, the principal multilateral fora as well as the EU acknowledged the critical connection between terrorism and WMD proliferation. The most important measures have been to require State to establish domestic export controls, to strengthen the controls of traded items or to provide tools for their extension to non-listed goods. The EU will agree on a number of new strategies to counter these threats, playing a role in between the implementation of the international obligations as agreed in the UN and multilateral arrangements, and the promotion of counter-terrorism and non-proliferations policies in its relationship with Third Countries.

Terrorism --- WMD proliferation --- export control --- dual-use --- Droit, criminologie & sciences politiques > Sciences politiques, administration publique & relations internationales

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Export controls --- Technology transfer --- Arms transfers --- Law and legislation --- 874.1 Regelgeving en controle --- Dual-use technology --- Dual-use technology. --- Trade regulation --- European Union countries --- Congresses --- Union européenne --- Export controls - European Union countries - Congresses --- Technology transfer - Law and legislation - European Union countries - Congresses --- Arms transfers - Law and legislation - European Union countries - Congresses

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This is open access volume of the NL ARMS offers an interdisciplinary view on the domain of Compliance and Integrity in International Military Trade (CIIMT), integrating defence economics, international law, arms export control frameworks and policies, information management, organizational sciences and ethics. Although, in academia, and from an interdisciplinary perspective, CIIMT constitutes a relatively novel research domain, across private and public defence-related sectors, the subject evokes high levels of attention and interest, instigating a need for critical thinking, reflection and creativity to address ensuing multi-faceted issues and problems. The Faculty of Military Sciences at the Netherlands Defence Academy extends an in-house MSc programme on CIIMT, which, by integrating practice-based and scientific-based knowledge, aims to contribute to this need. The MSc programme on CIIMT is concerned with exploring, analysing, understanding, explaining, controlling and improving the military dimension in international military trade. More particularly, CIIMT studies managerial questions regarding strategic trade control of military and dual-use goods and services. CIIMT ties in with the Netherlands Defence Academy’s vision on scientific education, embedded in the reflective practitioners' paradigm uniting both management and leadership skills needed to decide and operate in high-tension and high-risk knowledge intensive environments. The Faculty of Military Sciences uses the reflective practitioners’ paradigm to refer to critical thinking, reflection and Bildung that characterize its thinking doers, the so-called Thinking Soldiers, either at the academic Bachelor’s or Master’s level. In view of the complexity of the international trade regarding military and dual-use goods and services, the rapid evolvement of strategic trade control and frameworks, and its importance to procurement processes, defence organizations require innovative thinking doers, who, based on an in-depth understanding, from an interdisciplinary perspective can be expected to find - and take responsibility for - creative solutions to problems. NL ARMS 2021 comprises, amongst others, contributions from students and lecturers partaking in this programme. All the editors are affiliated with the Faculty of Military Sciences of the Netherlands Defence Academy in Breda, The Netherlands.

Public international law --- Human rights --- International humanitarian law --- Constitutional & administrative law --- International relations --- Warfare & defence --- International military trade --- Military and dual-use goods and services --- International peace and security --- Strategic trade control --- Export control law --- Compliance and integrity --- Sanctions and arms embargoes --- Defence industry --- Trade restrictions --- Internal compliance program --- Open Access

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In order to maintain international security - and above all to ensure that weapons of mass destruction and their means of delivery, be they nuclear, radiological, bacteriological or chemical, do not proliferate - it is now widely acknowledged in the international community that commerce may be, and in some cases must be, constrained. So-called «dual-use» goods, which can be used for either peaceful or non-peaceful purposes, are subject to such trade restrictions. The regulations which govern this specific trade at global, regional or national level seek to ensure that the needs of legitimate economic activities are adequately balanced with the requirements of international security. In this comprehensive handbook, the authors present and analyse the different levels of decision-making, the political and legal instruments in the hands of the authorities, the mechanisms aimed at balancing trade and security and the claims and challenges made by the respective actors in this area of strategic importance

Export controls --- Weapons of mass destruction --- Security, International --- Arms control --- Exportations --- Armes de destruction massive --- Sécurité internationale --- Armement --- Prevention --- International cooperation --- Contrôle --- Prévention --- Coopération internationale --- Weapons of mass destruction (International law) --- International cooperation. --- Export controls. --- Sécurité internationale --- Contrôle --- Prévention --- Coopération internationale --- Trade regulation --- European Union countries --- Handbooks, manuals, etc. --- Union européenne --- Technology transfer --- Sécurité internationale. --- Contrôle. --- Dual use goods --- Sécurité internationale. --- Contrôle.