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The counterfeiting of medicines is a complex phenomenon which has considerably developed. No country is immune of this scourge that affects primarily in the developing countries. Impacts on society may be irreversible. Economical part is worrying but it is mainly the health hazard which is most to be feared as it can be seriously fatal to life and create a risk of alarming emergence of resistance to anti-infectious, generating a major threat for global health. Among all the crime-fighting tools, detection of counterfeit medicines through different analysis methods remains an option. Many methods allow detection of with physical and chemical analysis. The methods most of the times are complementary and choice of a specific method can be influenced by numerous criteria. La contrefaçon des médicaments est un phénomène complexe dont l’ampleur est devenue considérable. Aucun pays n’est pas épargné par ce fléau qui touche en priorité les pays en voie développement. Les impacts de ce fléau sur la société peuvent être irréversibles. Le point économique inquiète certes, mais c’est surtout le danger sanitaire qui est le plus à craindre avec un risque mortel pour la santé des individus et un risque d’émergence des résistances des anti-infectieux menaçant gravement la santé mondiale. Parmi les nombreux outils de lutte contre ce fléau la détection de médicament contrefait par différentes méthodes d’analyse est une option. De nombreuses méthodes permettent de les détecter ces contrefaçons de médicaments de la plus simple inspection visuelle aux méthodes de technologie plus avancée en passant par des méthodes d’analyse physique et chimique simples. Ces méthodes sont souvent complémentaires et le choix d’une méthode peut être influencé par de nombreux critères.

Counterfeit Drugs --- Legislation, Drug --- Legislation, Drug --- Drug Trafficking

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Drug control --- Federal aid to law enforcement agencies --- Chicago High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area (Program)

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Drug control --- Federal aid to law enforcement agencies --- Atlanta High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area (Program) --- Georgia

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When European powers carved political borders across the Middle East following World War I, a curious event in the international drug trade occurred: Palestine became the most important hashish waystation in the region and a thriving market for consumption. British and French colonial authorities utterly failed to control the illicit trade, raising questions about the legitimacy of their mandatory regimes. The creation of the Israeli state, too, had little effect to curb illicit trade. By the 1960s, drug trade had become a major point of contention in the Arab-Israeli conflict, and drug use widespread. Intoxicating Zion is the first book to tell the story of hashish in Mandatory Palestine and Israel. Trafficking, use, and regulation; race, gender, and class; colonialism and nation-building all weave together in Haggai Ram's social history of the drug from the 1920s to the aftermath of the 1967 War. The hashish trade encompassed smugglers, international gangs, residents, law enforcers, and political actors, and Ram traces these flows through the interconnected realms of cross-border politics, economics, and culture. Hashish use was and is a marker of belonging and difference, and its history offers readers a unique glimpse into how the modern Middle East was made.

Hashish --- History --- Drug trafficking. --- Egypt. --- Israel. --- Lebanon. --- Levant. --- Mandatory Palestine. --- drug consumption. --- drug regulation/control. --- hashish. --- Dagga --- Hasheesh --- Cannabis --- Narcotics

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Drug control --- Federal aid to law enforcement agencies --- Appalachia High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area (Program) --- Kentucky. --- Tennessee. --- West Virginia.