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Addiction in its various forms represents an enormous challenge to society. Worldwide, it has been estimated that alcohol, tobacco and illicit drugs were responsible of more than 10 million deaths (Anderson et al, 2018), with a higher impact in developed countries where substance use disorders have been identified as responsible for life expectancy reversals (Rehm et al, 2016). Societal and medical responses to the problem are far from optimal, but the appearance of new technologies offers room for improvement, and lots of new initiatives have been launched and developed. In this Special Issue, we will describe and discuss how these new tools are helping to improve the assessment and treatment of substance use disorders. We will cover a wide variety of novelties that are being applied to addiction; e-health, APPs, digital phenotyping, ecological momentary assessment and interventions, wearable technology, computer-assisted tests, transcraneal magnetic stimulation, and virtual reality are just some examples of developments in a field that promises to create a real revolution in the assessment and treatment of addictions.

Humanities --- Social interaction --- addiction --- memory --- assessment --- substance use disorder --- internet gaming disorder --- semi-structured diagnostic interview --- psychometric properties --- adolescents --- drinking reduction --- nalmefene --- phase-IV trial --- 6 months --- observational --- gambling disorder (GD) --- cocaine use disorder (CUD) --- craving --- repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) --- Gambling-Symptoms Assessment Scale (G-SAS) --- dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) --- alcohol dependence --- transdermal sensor --- attitudes --- stigma --- cerebellum --- cannabis --- implicit motor learning --- motor adaptation --- visuomotor rotation --- cannabidiol --- CBD --- psychosis --- schizophrenia --- substance use disorders --- alternative reward --- cue exposure --- animal and computational models --- behavioral control --- craving and relapse --- habit formation --- ALCO-VR --- virtual reality --- cue-exposure --- alcohol use disorder --- alcohol craving --- anxiety --- social drinkers --- Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer --- amygdala --- alcohol --- polygenic risk --- high risk drinkers --- treatment --- assessment instruments --- digital health --- reward --- transgenic mice --- optogenetics --- self-administration --- cocaine --- amphetamine

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Addiction in its various forms represents an enormous challenge to society. Worldwide, it has been estimated that alcohol, tobacco and illicit drugs were responsible of more than 10 million deaths (Anderson et al, 2018), with a higher impact in developed countries where substance use disorders have been identified as responsible for life expectancy reversals (Rehm et al, 2016). Societal and medical responses to the problem are far from optimal, but the appearance of new technologies offers room for improvement, and lots of new initiatives have been launched and developed. In this Special Issue, we will describe and discuss how these new tools are helping to improve the assessment and treatment of substance use disorders. We will cover a wide variety of novelties that are being applied to addiction; e-health, APPs, digital phenotyping, ecological momentary assessment and interventions, wearable technology, computer-assisted tests, transcraneal magnetic stimulation, and virtual reality are just some examples of developments in a field that promises to create a real revolution in the assessment and treatment of addictions.

addiction --- memory --- assessment --- substance use disorder --- internet gaming disorder --- semi-structured diagnostic interview --- psychometric properties --- adolescents --- drinking reduction --- nalmefene --- phase-IV trial --- 6 months --- observational --- gambling disorder (GD) --- cocaine use disorder (CUD) --- craving --- repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) --- Gambling-Symptoms Assessment Scale (G-SAS) --- dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) --- alcohol dependence --- transdermal sensor --- attitudes --- stigma --- cerebellum --- cannabis --- implicit motor learning --- motor adaptation --- visuomotor rotation --- cannabidiol --- CBD --- psychosis --- schizophrenia --- substance use disorders --- alternative reward --- cue exposure --- animal and computational models --- behavioral control --- craving and relapse --- habit formation --- ALCO-VR --- virtual reality --- cue-exposure --- alcohol use disorder --- alcohol craving --- anxiety --- social drinkers --- Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer --- amygdala --- alcohol --- polygenic risk --- high risk drinkers --- treatment --- assessment instruments --- digital health --- reward --- transgenic mice --- optogenetics --- self-administration --- cocaine --- amphetamine

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Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is being increasingly used in neuroscience and clinics. Modern advances include but are not limited to the combination of TMS with precise neuronavigation as well as the integration of TMS into a multimodal environment, e.g., by guiding the TMS application using complementary techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), electroencephalography (EEG), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), or magnetoencephalography (MEG). Furthermore, the impact of stimulation can be identified and characterized by such multimodal approaches, helping to shed light on the basic neurophysiology and TMS effects in the human brain. Against this background, the aim of this Special Issue was to explore advancements in the field of TMS considering both investigations in healthy subjects as well as patients.

Medical equipment & techniques --- brain stimulation --- fiber tractography --- glioblastoma multiforme --- gray matter --- language mapping --- navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation --- Autism spectrum disorder --- evoked and induced gamma oscillations --- EEG --- TMS --- oddball task --- reaction time --- aberrant and repetitive behaviors --- repetition suppression --- neuroplasticity --- transcranial magnetic stimulation --- paired associative stimulation --- nTMS --- intensive care --- motor mapping --- ICU --- neurocritical care --- neuromonitoring --- functional mapping --- motor evoked potentials --- aging --- excitability --- connectivity --- plasticity --- brain tumor --- bilingual --- language --- preoperative mapping --- case report --- CD73 --- adenosine --- A2AR --- A1R --- neuroinflammation --- theta-burst stimulation --- rTMS --- purinergic signaling --- electric field --- eloquent cortex --- motor threshold --- neuronavigation --- presurgical evaluation --- chronic pain --- low back pain --- repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation --- neuromodulation --- dorsolateral prefrontal cortex --- primary motor cortex --- picture naming --- bihemispheric --- action naming --- object naming --- memory --- hippocampus --- brain networks --- non-invasive brain stimulation --- mild cognitive impairment --- Alzheimer's disease --- stroke --- aphasia --- iTBS --- fMRI --- rehabilitation --- alpha oscillations --- functional connectivity --- source reconstruction --- MEG --- EEG state-dependent TMS --- brain stimulation --- fiber tractography --- glioblastoma multiforme --- gray matter --- language mapping --- navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation --- Autism spectrum disorder --- evoked and induced gamma oscillations --- EEG --- TMS --- oddball task --- reaction time --- aberrant and repetitive behaviors --- repetition suppression --- neuroplasticity --- transcranial magnetic stimulation --- paired associative stimulation --- nTMS --- intensive care --- motor mapping --- ICU --- neurocritical care --- neuromonitoring --- functional mapping --- motor evoked potentials --- aging --- excitability --- connectivity --- plasticity --- brain tumor --- bilingual --- language --- preoperative mapping --- case report --- CD73 --- adenosine --- A2AR --- A1R --- neuroinflammation --- theta-burst stimulation --- rTMS --- purinergic signaling --- electric field --- eloquent cortex --- motor threshold --- neuronavigation --- presurgical evaluation --- chronic pain --- low back pain --- repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation --- neuromodulation --- dorsolateral prefrontal cortex --- primary motor cortex --- picture naming --- bihemispheric --- action naming --- object naming --- memory --- hippocampus --- brain networks --- non-invasive brain stimulation --- mild cognitive impairment --- Alzheimer's disease --- stroke --- aphasia --- iTBS --- fMRI --- rehabilitation --- alpha oscillations --- functional connectivity --- source reconstruction --- MEG --- EEG state-dependent TMS