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Changes in sea surface roughness are usually associated with a change in the sea surface wind field. This interaction has been exploited to measure sea surface wind speed by scatterometry. A number of features on the sea surface associated with changes in roughness can be observed by synthetic aperture radar (SAR) because of the change in Bragg backscatter of the radar signal by damping of the resonant ocean capillary waves. With various radar frequencies, resolutions, and modes of polarization, sea surface features have been analyzed in numerous campaigns, bringing various datasets together, thus allowing for new insights into small-scale processes at a larger areal coverage. This Special Issue aims at investigating sea surface features detected by high spatial resolution radar systems, such as SAR.

dispersion curve filtering --- n/a --- Synthetic Aperture Radar --- RADARSAT Constellation Mission (RCM) --- marine X-band radar --- compact polarization (CP) --- cross-polarization --- proper orthogonal decomposition --- rain --- right circular horizontal polarization model --- support vector machines --- Sentinel-1 --- wind speed --- wave height --- hurricane --- ocean surface waves --- SMAP --- Copernicus --- synthetic aperture radar --- co-polarized phase difference --- synthetic aperture radar (SAR) --- oceans --- fetch- and duration-limited wave growth relationships --- Wake detection --- air-sea interaction --- phase-resolved wave fields --- wind --- SAR --- CoVe-Pol and CoHo-Pol models --- Baltic Sea --- wind retrieval --- ocean surface wind speed retrieval --- CMEMS --- detectability model --- right circular vertical polarization model --- hurricane internal dynamical process --- ocean winds --- polarimetry --- sea surface roughness --- eyewall replacement cycles --- GF-3 --- dual-polarization --- quad-polarized SAR --- typhoon/hurricane-generated wind waves --- coast and ocean observation --- radar --- geophysical model function (GMF) --- Doppler radar

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This thematic issue presents 11 scientific articles that are extremely useful for understanding the processes and phenomena of the interacting geospheres of the Earth. These processes have an important impact on the biosphere and many human activities. The results of scientific research presented in this book are fully united by the common theme "investigation of the fundamental foundations of the emergence, development, transformation, and interaction of hydroacoustic, hydrophysical and geophysical fields in the World Ocean." The book is recommended to a wide range of readers, as well as to specialists in the field of hydroacoustics, oceanology, and geophysics.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- gravitational waves --- pressure variations --- period variation --- laser meter of hydrosphere pressure variations --- infragravity waves --- gravity wind waves --- laser strainmeter --- typhoon --- mesoscale eddy --- parabolic equation --- normal mode --- mesoscale vortex --- acoustic propagation --- AIPOcean --- OW method --- COMSOL software --- sea surface --- wave spectra --- satellite imagery processing --- aerospace monitoring --- sea waves --- retrieving operator --- Scholte wave --- theoretical dispersion curve --- stiffness matrices --- layered media --- wind waves --- progressive waves --- standing waves --- primary microseisms --- secondary microseisms --- wave dynamics --- wave transformation --- swell --- tides --- seiches --- remote probing --- space monitoring --- nonlinearity --- modulation --- oceanic front --- ray theory --- horizontal refraction --- coastal video monitoring --- streaming video --- image and video processing --- real-time mode --- subpixel resolution --- underwater currents --- microseisms --- coastal water areas --- red tide --- harmful algal bloom --- sea surface height --- sea surface temperature --- chlorophyll-a --- biogenic slicks --- river runoff --- Kamchatka --- earthquake --- tsunami --- deformation jump --- sine-Gordon equation --- kink --- anti-kink --- underwater landslide

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The Special Issue is focused on recent and upcoming advances in the combined application of remote sensing and applied geophysics. Applied geophysics analyzes the distribution of physical properties in the subsurface for a wide range of geological, engineering, and environmental applications at different scales. Seismic, electrical, magnetic, and electromagnetic methods are among the most applied and well-established geophysical techniques. These methods share the advantages of being non-invasive and exploring wide areas of investigation with respect to conventional methods (e.g., drilling). Geophysical surveys are usually carried out deploying or moving the appropriate instrumentation directly on the ground surface. However, recent technological advances have resulting in the development of innovative acquisition systems becoming more typical of the remote sensing community (e.g., airborne surveys). While applied geophysics mainly focuses on the subsurface, typical remote sensing techniques have the ability to accurately image the Earth’s surface with high-resolution investigations carried out by means of terrestrial, airborne, or satellite-based platforms. The integration of surface and subsurface information is often crucial for several purposes, including the processing of geophysical data, the characterization and time-lapse monitoring of surface and near-surface targets, and the reconstruction of highly detailed and comprehensive 3D models of the investigated areas. Recent contributions showing the added value of surface reconstruction and/or monitoring in the processing, interpretation, and cross-comparison of geophysical techniques for archaeological, environmental, and engineering studies are collected in this book. Pioneering geophysical acquisitions by means of innovative remote systems are also presented.

Research & information: general --- Alpine glaciers --- Belvedere Glacier --- ice thickness estimation --- ice bottom morphology and properties --- ground-penetrating radar (GPR) --- single-station passive seismic measurements --- horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) --- archaeological prospection --- automated resistivity profiling ARP --- electrical resistivity survey --- multi-channel ground penetrating radar --- geophysical methods integration --- Chang'E-4 --- lunar penetrating radar (LPR) --- 3D velocity spectrum --- properties analysis --- remote sensing and GIS --- field geophysics --- groundwater potentiality --- West Qena --- Egypt --- mine collapse --- anthropogenic hazard --- seismology --- GNSS --- InSAR --- post-seismic deformation mechanism --- InSAR time series algorithm --- Kermanshah earthquake --- viscoelastic relaxation --- near-surface geophysics --- LiDAR --- magnetic gradiometry --- surface magnetic susceptibility --- electromagnetic induction --- Middle Woodland period --- Hopewell archaeology --- depth inversion --- sedimentary processes --- Autonomous Surface Vehicles (ASV) --- marine geophysics --- shallow water environments --- repeated 4D surveys --- NAIADI Project (New Autonomous/automatIc systems for the study AnD monitoring of aquatic envIronments) --- electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) --- frequency domain electromagnetic (FDEM) --- archaeology --- terramare --- bronze age --- elastic full waveform inversion --- acoustic-elastic coupled --- ocean bottom seismic --- multicomponent --- multiparameter --- ground penetrating radar (GPR) --- moisture content --- velocity analysis --- optimal gather --- passive seismic interferometry --- surface wave --- inversion --- shear-wave velocity --- ambient noise --- dispersion curve --- aerial archaeology --- landscape archaeology --- frequency-domain electromagnetic methods (FDEM) --- paleochannel --- Snow Eagle 601 --- aerogeophysics --- Princess Elizabeth Land --- ice-penetrating radar --- Antarctic ice sheet