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The Antarctic shelf and the fauna living on it have been moulded by millions of years of extreme seasonality, extreme isolation, extreme cold and recurrent glacial periods. Iphimediidae is a family of amphipods well-represented on the Antarctic shelf with at least 13 genera and 46 species. Recent molecular studies have shown that these are monophyletic and are in fact for the most part species complexes. Iphimediidae present a large diversity in mouthpart morphologies. Their mandibles are marked by the positioning of the incisor along the median line enabling it to cut in a frontal plane like scissors. This might have been one of the major reasons for their ecological success. Conversely, the basis of the maxilliped seems to conserve its general morphology across taxa. Using a time calibrated phylogeny of the family from a recent study, isotopic data as a proxy for the trophic niche and geomorphometric data of the mandible and the maxilliped’s basis from 50 putative species of Iphimediidae, this study set out to (i) explore the mouthparts’ morphological diversity, (ii) study the relation between morphology and trophic ecology and (iii) analyse the evolution of the morphological traits along the phylogeny. For (i), measures of phylogenetic signal are significant but low for both mouthparts indicating variability among related species. The phylomorphospaces indicates that different clades present different modes of diversification. It also indicates that many species cluster in a limited region of morphospace. For (ii), using a MANOVA in a penalized likelihood framework to test if isotopic data could explain morphology no significant results were obtained suggesting a one-to-many situation in mandibles and a many-to-one for the maxilliped’s basis. For (iii), fitting models of trait evolution to our data, we find that the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck is the best fitting model where morphology is driven by selection towards an optimum. A study of disparity through time finds that disparity is higher than expected under a stochastic model. The high diversification within subclades is likely due to recurrent extinction and allopatric speciation events due to icesheet advance and isolation of species in refugia.

Amphipods, Antarctica, Evolution, Disparity, Convergence --- Sciences du vivant > Zoologie

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This basic text covers the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of the most prevalent vision disorders in a clinical optometrist's or ophthalmologist's practice. Coverage includes the most common non-strabismic binocular vision disorders, including accommodative and eye movement disorders as well as amblyopia. Coverage of each diagnostic category includes background information, symptoms, case analysis, and management options. Case studies appear at the end of each chapter. This edition includes three new chapters on primary care of binocular vision, accommodative and eye movement disorders; myopia control; and binocular vision problems associated with refractive surgery. The thoroughly revised chapters on vision therapy procedures and instrumentation describe the latest equipment and computer software. The chapters on advanced diagnostic and management issues have been updated with the latest research.

Accommodation, Ocular. --- Binocular vision disorders. --- Ocular Motility Disorders --- Vision Disparity. --- Vision, Binocular. --- Therapy.

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Colombia ha enfrentado una historia de violencia y desigualdad, con líderes asesinados, masacres y abusos perpetrados por grupos paramilitares, guerrillas y fuerzas estatales. Un ejemplo reciente son las manifestaciones del paro nacional a finales de abril de 2021, surgidas por el aumento de impuestos de productos esenciales y que fueron marcadas por la brutal represión policial. La violencia y despojo de tierras han sido experiencias cotidianas en la vida de muchos colombianos, particularmente en las zonas rurales y empobrecidas. En este libro, Eduardo Restrepo argumenta que la desigualdad y violencia en Colombia están arraigadas en un orden moral jerarquizado que produce existencias »dispensables«, marcadas por el desprecio y la indiferencia. Aunque el análisis se centra en ese país, sugiere que esta dinámica también puede ser relevante en otros países de América Latina. Restrepo aboga por la importancia de un compromiso ético-político en la elaboración de narrativas más comprensivas sobre los problemas sociales y las luchas por el cambio.

SOCIAL SCIENCE / Social Classes & Economic Disparity. --- Bielefeld University Press. --- Latin America. --- Social Inequality. --- Violence.

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With Hope in the Dark, Rebecca Solnit makes a radical case for hope as a commitment to act in a world whose future remains uncertain and unknowable. Drawing on her decades of activism and a wide reading of environmental, cultural, and political history, Solnit argued that radicals have a long, neglected history of transformative victories, that the positive consequences of our acts are not always immediately seen, directly knowable, or even measurable, and that pessimism and despair rest on an unwarranted confidence about what is going to happen next.

Hope. --- POLITICAL SCIENCE --- SOCIAL SCIENCE --- Social action. --- Social change. --- History & Theory. --- Political Freedom. --- Feminism & Feminist Theory. --- Social Classes & Economic Disparity.

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Phenotypic variation within populations are essential for biological evolution. Indeed, phenotypic variation can serve as the raw products upon which natural selection acts. Accordingly, we might question if the level of morphological variation (i.e.disparity) might vary over the ontogeny of one species. Here, I test the hypothetical variation of body shape disparity level between post-larval and adult stages in coral reef fishes. Landmark-based geometric morphometrics methods were used to quantify body shapevariation during ontogeny for four species from Moorea Island (French Polynesia) : the surgeonfishes Acanthurus triostegus and Ctenochaetus striatus, the damselfish Chromis viridis, and the cardinalfish Pristiapogon exostigma. First, post-larvae and adults significantly differ in their body shape, and these variations were discussed in a ecomorphological context. Except C.viridis, all the species showed a higher level of morphological disparity at adult stage than at larval stage. This could be explained by a hyper-specialization of C.viridis in the adult stage for habitat use while the other species can use more habitats in the adult stage than in the post-larval stage.

Geometric morphometrics, shape disparity, body shape variation, habitat change, ontogeny, reef fish,, population recruitment. --- Sciences du vivant > Sciences aquatiques & océanologie