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Volcanoes release plumes of gas and ash to the atmosphere during episodes of passive and explosive behavior. These ejecta have important implications for the chemistry and composition of the troposphere and stratosphere, with the capacity to alter Earth's radiation budget and climate system over a range of temporal and spatial scales. Volcanogenic sulphur dioxide reacts to form sulphate aerosols, which increase global albedo, e.g., by reducing surface temperatures, in addition to perturbing the formation processes and optical properties of clouds. Released halogen species can also deplete stratospheric and tropospheric ozone. Volcanic degassing, furthermore, played a key role in the formation of Earth’s atmosphere, and volcanic plumes can affect air quality, pose hazards to aviation and human health, as well as damage ecosystems. The chemical compositions and emission rates of volcanic plumes are also monitored via a range of direct-sampling and remote-sensing instrumentation, in order to gain insights into subterranean processes, in the respect of the magmatic bodies these volatiles exsolve from. Given the significant role these gases play in driving volcanic activity, e.g., via pressurisation, the study of volcanic plumes is proving to be an increasingly fruitful means of improving our understanding of volcanic systems, potentially in concert with observations from geophysics and contributions from fluid dynamical modelling of conduit dynamics.

radioactive disequilibria 210Pb-210Bi-210Po --- volcanic geochemistry --- radiative transfer --- spherical-cap bubble --- plume --- satellite remote sensing --- portable photometry --- puffing --- Holuhraun --- interdisciplinary volcanology --- gas slug --- atmospheric remote sensing --- analysis software --- gases --- image processing --- remote sensing --- SEVIRI data --- oxygen and sulfur multi-isotopes --- nonlinear spectral unmixing --- UV cameras --- ultraviolet cameras --- cloud height --- atmospheric chemistry --- Python 2.7 --- degassing processes --- volcanic plumes --- fissure eruption --- radiative forcing --- basaltic volcanism --- volcanic plume top height --- O3 --- eruption start and duration --- Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) --- volcanic emissions --- volcanology --- volcanic CO2 flux --- volcanic aerosols --- 2011-2015 Etna lava fountains --- SO2 --- reactive halogen --- nonlinear PCA --- gas --- Etna volcano --- geochemical modelling --- BrO --- volcanic sulfate aerosols --- volcanic gases --- SSA --- hyperspectral remote sensing --- time averaged discharge rate --- eruption monitoring --- Bárðarbunga --- strombolian --- aerosol optical properties --- Mount Etna --- Taylor bubble --- radioactive disequilibria 210Pb-210Bi-210Po --- volcanic geochemistry --- radiative transfer --- spherical-cap bubble --- plume --- satellite remote sensing --- portable photometry --- puffing --- Holuhraun --- interdisciplinary volcanology --- gas slug --- atmospheric remote sensing --- analysis software --- gases --- image processing --- remote sensing --- SEVIRI data --- oxygen and sulfur multi-isotopes --- nonlinear spectral unmixing --- UV cameras --- ultraviolet cameras --- cloud height --- atmospheric chemistry --- Python 2.7 --- degassing processes --- volcanic plumes --- fissure eruption --- radiative forcing --- basaltic volcanism --- volcanic plume top height --- O3 --- eruption start and duration --- Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) --- volcanic emissions --- volcanology --- volcanic CO2 flux --- volcanic aerosols --- 2011-2015 Etna lava fountains --- SO2 --- reactive halogen --- nonlinear PCA --- gas --- Etna volcano --- geochemical modelling --- BrO --- volcanic sulfate aerosols --- volcanic gases --- SSA --- hyperspectral remote sensing --- time averaged discharge rate --- eruption monitoring --- Bárðarbunga --- strombolian --- aerosol optical properties --- Mount Etna --- Taylor bubble

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This Special Issue will highlight the latest advances in numerical modeling of combustion-related applications. With the recent advancements in computational capacities and the widespread use of simulations in engineering problems, numerical methods are becoming increasingly important to improve existing models and develop new models that can help researchers to better understand the underlying mechanisms of combustion, their interaction with other physical phenomena, such as turbulence, and their impacts on the performance of related applications at both fundamental and practical levels.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- gas fire suppression --- inert gas agents --- agent quantity --- discharge rate --- ventilation rate --- premixed combustion --- obstructed channels --- flame acceleration --- thermal expansion --- computational simulations --- machine learning --- soot concentration --- soot emissions --- artificial neural network --- estimator --- computational fluid dynamics --- combustion --- biogas --- hydrogen --- laminar flame speed --- correlation --- jet-and-recirculation stabilized combustion --- OH* measurements --- numerical CFD analysis --- RANS modeling --- detailed chemistry schemes --- heat-loss modeling --- low-calorific combustion --- syngas fuel --- micro-combustion --- syngas --- repetitive extinction and ignition (FREI) --- numerical simulations --- flame instabilities --- flame propagation --- closed spherical bomb --- incipient stage --- methane --- N2O --- flash boiling --- gasoline direct injection --- Spray G --- discrete droplet method --- fuel surrogates --- combustion process --- reactivity model --- synthetic jet fuels --- turbine engines --- two-stroke engine --- multiple injection --- emission --- numerical simulation --- computational fluid dynamic (CFD) --- natural gas --- laminar burning velocity (LBV) --- closed vessel combustion --- numerical study --- microcombustion --- complex geometry --- n/a

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Volcanoes release plumes of gas and ash to the atmosphere during episodes of passive and explosive behavior. These ejecta have important implications for the chemistry and composition of the troposphere and stratosphere, with the capacity to alter Earth's radiation budget and climate system over a range of temporal and spatial scales. Volcanogenic sulphur dioxide reacts to form sulphate aerosols, which increase global albedo, e.g., by reducing surface temperatures, in addition to perturbing the formation processes and optical properties of clouds. Released halogen species can also deplete stratospheric and tropospheric ozone. Volcanic degassing, furthermore, played a key role in the formation of Earth’s atmosphere, and volcanic plumes can affect air quality, pose hazards to aviation and human health, as well as damage ecosystems. The chemical compositions and emission rates of volcanic plumes are also monitored via a range of direct-sampling and remote-sensing instrumentation, in order to gain insights into subterranean processes, in the respect of the magmatic bodies these volatiles exsolve from. Given the significant role these gases play in driving volcanic activity, e.g., via pressurisation, the study of volcanic plumes is proving to be an increasingly fruitful means of improving our understanding of volcanic systems, potentially in concert with observations from geophysics and contributions from fluid dynamical modelling of conduit dynamics.

n/a --- radioactive disequilibria 210Pb-210Bi-210Po --- volcanic geochemistry --- radiative transfer --- spherical-cap bubble --- plume --- satellite remote sensing --- portable photometry --- puffing --- Holuhraun --- interdisciplinary volcanology --- gas slug --- atmospheric remote sensing --- analysis software --- gases --- image processing --- remote sensing --- SEVIRI data --- oxygen and sulfur multi-isotopes --- nonlinear spectral unmixing --- UV cameras --- ultraviolet cameras --- cloud height --- atmospheric chemistry --- Python 2.7 --- degassing processes --- volcanic plumes --- fissure eruption --- radiative forcing --- basaltic volcanism --- volcanic plume top height --- O3 --- eruption start and duration --- Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) --- volcanic emissions --- volcanology --- volcanic CO2 flux --- volcanic aerosols --- 2011–2015 Etna lava fountains --- SO2 --- reactive halogen --- nonlinear PCA --- gas --- Etna volcano --- geochemical modelling --- BrO --- volcanic sulfate aerosols --- volcanic gases --- SSA --- hyperspectral remote sensing --- time averaged discharge rate --- eruption monitoring --- Bárðarbunga --- strombolian --- aerosol optical properties --- Mount Etna --- Taylor bubble --- 2011-2015 Etna lava fountains --- Bárðarbunga

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The monitoring of active volcanoes is a complex task based on multidisciplinary and integrated analyses that use ground, drones and satellite monitoring devices. Over time, and with the development of new technologies and increasing frequency of acquisition, the use of remote sensing to accomplish this important task has grown enormously. This is especially so with the use of drones and satellites for classifying eruptive events and detecting the opening of new vents, the spreading of lava flows on the surface or ash plumes in the atmosphere, the fallout of tephra on the ground, the intrusion of new magma within the volcano edifice, and the deformation preceding impending eruptions, and many other factors. The main challenge in using remote sensing techniques is to develop automated and reliable systems that may assist the decision maker in volcano monitoring, hazard assessment and risk reduction. The integration with ground-based techniques represents a valuable additional aspect that makes the proposed methods more robust and reinforces the results obtained. This collection of papers is focused on several active volcanoes, such as Stromboli, Etna, and Volcano in Italy; the Long Valley caldera and Kilauea volcano in the USA; and Cotopaxi in Ecuador.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- Stromboli volcano --- effusive activity --- satellite thermal imagery --- ground-based thermal imagery --- cinder cone instability --- pyroclastic density currents --- Etna volcano --- lava fountain --- paroxysmal explosive eruptions --- ash plume height --- Landsat 8 satellite images --- mass discharge rate time-series --- paroxysmal explosions --- major explosive events --- ground and remote sensing monitoring --- classification of mild Strombolian events --- lava delta --- slope failure --- repeated bathymetric surveys --- digital elevation models --- LiDAR --- PLÉIADES --- morphological monitoring --- tephra --- remote sensing --- plume height --- mass eruption rate --- total erupted mass --- total grain-size distribution --- paroxysmal explosive and effusive episodes --- ash plume --- volcano monitoring --- volcanic hazard --- numerical modeling --- Long Valley Caldera --- deformation and gravity joint inversion --- topography correction --- heterogenous crust --- FEM --- source parameters --- intrusion density --- Cotopaxi volcano --- 1877 eruption --- primary lahars --- drone-imagery --- geological mapping --- lahar hazard assessment --- integrated DInSAR and GNSS time series --- geodetic dataset --- volcanic deformation --- early warning applications --- natural hazards --- SO2 flux --- CO2 flux --- heat flux --- Vulcano Island --- geochemical crisis --- extensive parameters --- eruption precursors --- neural networks --- self-organizing map --- seismo-acoustic signals --- ground-based visible and thermal imagery --- ground deformation --- volcano deformation --- automated detection --- lava fountains --- n/a --- PLÉIADES