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Jöbsis was the first to describe the in vivo application of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), also called diffuse optical spectroscopy (DOS). NIRS was originally designed for the clinical monitoring of tissue oxygenation, and today it has also become a useful tool for neuroimaging studies (functional near-infrared spectroscopy, fNIRS). However, difficulties in the selective and quantitative measurements of tissue hemoglobin (Hb), which have been central in the NIRS field for over 40 years, remain to be solved. To overcome these problems, time-domain (TD) and frequency-domain (FD) measurements have been tried. Presently, a wide range of NIRS instruments are available, including commonly available commercial instruments for continuous wave (CW) measurements, based on the modified Beer–Lambert law (steady-state domain measurements). Among these measurements, the TD measurement is the most promising approach, although compared with CW and FD measurements, TD measurements are less common, due to the need for large and expensive instruments with poor temporal resolution and limited dynamic range. However, thanks to technological developments, TD measurements are increasingly being used in research, and also in various clinical settings. This Special Issue highlights issues at the cutting edge of TD DOS and diffuse optical tomography (DOT). It covers all aspects related to TD measurements, including advances in hardware, methodology, the theory of light propagation, and clinical applications.

Medicine --- Neurosciences --- breast cancer --- diffuse optical spectroscopy --- chemotherapy --- time-domain spectroscopy --- near-infrared spectroscopy --- radiative transfer equation --- diffusion equation --- biological tissue --- time-domain instruments --- light propagation in tissue --- optical properties of tissue --- diffuse optical tomography --- fluorescence diffuse optical tomography --- time-resolved spectroscopy --- NIRS --- diffuse optics --- time-domain --- time-resolved --- brain oxygenation --- tissue saturation --- scattering --- absorption --- 3-hour sitting --- near infrared time-resolved spectroscopy --- compression stocking --- tissue oxygenation --- extracellular water --- intracellular water --- circumference --- gastrocnemius --- neonate --- vaginal delivery --- cerebral blood volume --- cerebral hemoglobin oxygen saturation --- near-infrared time-resolved spectroscopy --- near infrared spectroscopy --- aging --- prefrontal cortex --- TRS --- magnetic resonance imaging --- brain atrophy --- VSRAD --- optical pathlength --- hemoglobin --- cognitive function --- time-domain NIRS --- null source-detector separation --- brain --- noninvasive --- subcutaneous white adipose tissue --- tissue total hemoglobin --- diffuse light --- inverse problems --- optical tomography --- inverse problem --- datatypes --- diffusion approximation --- highly forward scattering of photons --- diffusion and delta-Eddington approximations --- characteristic length and time scales of photon transport --- n/a

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Jöbsis was the first to describe the in vivo application of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), also called diffuse optical spectroscopy (DOS). NIRS was originally designed for the clinical monitoring of tissue oxygenation, and today it has also become a useful tool for neuroimaging studies (functional near-infrared spectroscopy, fNIRS). However, difficulties in the selective and quantitative measurements of tissue hemoglobin (Hb), which have been central in the NIRS field for over 40 years, remain to be solved. To overcome these problems, time-domain (TD) and frequency-domain (FD) measurements have been tried. Presently, a wide range of NIRS instruments are available, including commonly available commercial instruments for continuous wave (CW) measurements, based on the modified Beer–Lambert law (steady-state domain measurements). Among these measurements, the TD measurement is the most promising approach, although compared with CW and FD measurements, TD measurements are less common, due to the need for large and expensive instruments with poor temporal resolution and limited dynamic range. However, thanks to technological developments, TD measurements are increasingly being used in research, and also in various clinical settings. This Special Issue highlights issues at the cutting edge of TD DOS and diffuse optical tomography (DOT). It covers all aspects related to TD measurements, including advances in hardware, methodology, the theory of light propagation, and clinical applications.

breast cancer --- diffuse optical spectroscopy --- chemotherapy --- time-domain spectroscopy --- near-infrared spectroscopy --- radiative transfer equation --- diffusion equation --- biological tissue --- time-domain instruments --- light propagation in tissue --- optical properties of tissue --- diffuse optical tomography --- fluorescence diffuse optical tomography --- time-resolved spectroscopy --- NIRS --- diffuse optics --- time-domain --- time-resolved --- brain oxygenation --- tissue saturation --- scattering --- absorption --- 3-hour sitting --- near infrared time-resolved spectroscopy --- compression stocking --- tissue oxygenation --- extracellular water --- intracellular water --- circumference --- gastrocnemius --- neonate --- vaginal delivery --- cerebral blood volume --- cerebral hemoglobin oxygen saturation --- near-infrared time-resolved spectroscopy --- near infrared spectroscopy --- aging --- prefrontal cortex --- TRS --- magnetic resonance imaging --- brain atrophy --- VSRAD --- optical pathlength --- hemoglobin --- cognitive function --- time-domain NIRS --- null source-detector separation --- brain --- noninvasive --- subcutaneous white adipose tissue --- tissue total hemoglobin --- diffuse light --- inverse problems --- optical tomography --- inverse problem --- datatypes --- diffusion approximation --- highly forward scattering of photons --- diffusion and delta-Eddington approximations --- characteristic length and time scales of photon transport --- n/a

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Plants, including vegetables, are an essential element of the human diet, considering their dense nutritional content and bioactive content that could assist in boosting nutritional quality and food security. Plants are exhibiting a colossal rebound in the context of healthier lifestyles, especially as functional foods empowered with bioactive phytochemicals; they synthesize uncountable “ecochemicals” via secondary metabolism, which command medical and socioeconomic significance. Among these secondary metabolites, phenolic compounds are of prime interest and are largely present in medicinal plants, herbs, vegetables, and flowers. These metabolites are at the helm of the bitterness, color, and scent of plants, and are correlated to the beneficial health qualities expressed by the antioxidant capacity. The accretion of these health-promoting phytochemicals depends chiefly on the genetic material and the maturity stage at harvest, notwithstanding the main role that is played by preharvest factors, i.e., eustress, fertilization, irrigation, light, biostimulants, biofortification, and other agronomic practices. This Special Issue is a collection of 11 original research articles addressing the quality of seeds, microgreens, leafy vegetables, herbs, flowers, berries, fruits, and byproducts. Mainly preharvest factors were assessed regarding their effect on the qualitative aspects of the aforementioned plants.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- chromium --- ethnopharmacology --- flavonoids --- glucose-lowering activity --- HPLC --- natural antioxidants --- polyphenol --- air humidity (RH) --- Lactuca sativa L. var. capitata --- controlled environment agriculture (CEA) --- bioactive compounds --- leaf gas exchange --- minerals profile --- genetic material --- protected horticulture --- crop sensor --- functional components --- reflectance spectroscopy --- Apiaceae --- seeds --- antioxidants --- potassium --- total dissolved solids --- protein --- growing season --- Cichorium endivia L. var. crispum Hegi --- yield --- sugars --- mineral profile --- iodine concentration --- functional compounds --- space-stored seeds --- Solanum lycopersicum L. --- weightlessness --- cosmic radiation --- macronutrients --- Spinacia oleracea L. --- carotenoids --- nitrates --- phenolic acids --- UHPLC-HRMS --- chlorophylls --- vitamin C --- trans-resveratrol --- esters --- terpenols --- glycosidic precursors --- harvest time --- Vitis vinifera --- tomato and carrot by-products --- freezing and drying impact --- antioxidant capacity --- polyphenolics --- vitamin E --- greenhouse clear film --- greenhouse diffuse-light film --- spinach yield --- nitrate content --- antioxidant activity --- ascorbic acid --- floating raft system --- biostimulant --- root application --- anthocyanins --- phenols --- reduced sugars --- carbohydrates --- minerals --- pigments --- chromium --- ethnopharmacology --- flavonoids --- glucose-lowering activity --- HPLC --- natural antioxidants --- polyphenol --- air humidity (RH) --- Lactuca sativa L. var. capitata --- controlled environment agriculture (CEA) --- bioactive compounds --- leaf gas exchange --- minerals profile --- genetic material --- protected horticulture --- crop sensor --- functional components --- reflectance spectroscopy --- Apiaceae --- seeds --- antioxidants --- potassium --- total dissolved solids --- protein --- growing season --- Cichorium endivia L. var. crispum Hegi --- yield --- sugars --- mineral profile --- iodine concentration --- functional compounds --- space-stored seeds --- Solanum lycopersicum L. --- weightlessness --- cosmic radiation --- macronutrients --- Spinacia oleracea L. --- carotenoids --- nitrates --- phenolic acids --- UHPLC-HRMS --- chlorophylls --- vitamin C --- trans-resveratrol --- esters --- terpenols --- glycosidic precursors --- harvest time --- Vitis vinifera --- tomato and carrot by-products --- freezing and drying impact --- antioxidant capacity --- polyphenolics --- vitamin E --- greenhouse clear film --- greenhouse diffuse-light film --- spinach yield --- nitrate content --- antioxidant activity --- ascorbic acid --- floating raft system --- biostimulant --- root application --- anthocyanins --- phenols --- reduced sugars --- carbohydrates --- minerals --- pigments

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Reprints of Polymers Special Issue entitled "Polymer films for photovoltaic applications", which covers all fields related to polymer films for photovoltaic applications, but special attention will be given to the following aspects:- The synthesis and suitable modification of polymer structure, to obtain polymer thin films for PV devices;- The influence of film deposition (thermal vacuum evaporation (TVE), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), spin coating, spray, etc.) on the properties of polymer films;- The thermo-optical properties of polymer thin films and blends of polymer films, as potential parts of PV systems;- The influence of doping or protonation of polymer thin films and blend polymer films on their properties;- Polymer thin films as active layers in PV solar cells—correlation of chemical structure and PV properties;- BHJ solar cells with polymer blends films—the choice of blend film composition to obtain the best PV parameters.

Research & information: general --- Chemistry --- Organic chemistry --- azomethines --- supramolecular organization --- organic thin films --- polymer:fullerene blends --- organic photovoltaics --- memory device --- organic semiconductors --- poly-N-epoxy-propylcarbazole --- tera-cyanoquino-dimethane --- CsPbBr3 perovskite QDs --- amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) --- light amplification --- surface passivation --- photostability --- 3D helicoidal architecture --- fiber-based polymer composite --- impact resistance --- lightweight photovoltaics (PV) --- integrated PV rooftop --- luminescent solar concentrator --- polymer matrix --- organic fluorophore --- intramolecular charge transfer --- light harvesting --- dye --- organic solar cells --- ellipsometry --- ternary organic films --- morphology examination --- micro --- perovskite --- solar cell --- 3D printing --- fused deposition modeling --- artificially light-harvesting --- luminescent solar concentrators --- molecular alignability prediction --- redirecting diffuse light --- polymer:fullerene blend films --- iodine doping --- annealing effect --- absorption edge parameters --- exciton bandwidth --- structural changes --- BHJ solar cells --- polymer --- bulk heterojunction --- PEDOT:PSS --- PTB7:PC70BM --- PFN-Br --- SCAPS 1D --- encapsulants for PV modules --- lamination process --- EVA --- POE --- power conversion efficiency --- hybrid perovskite --- tandem structure --- photovoltaics --- commercialization --- molecular modeling --- stretching process --- polymers --- mechanical deformation --- density functional theory --- crosslinking kinetics --- dynamic mechanical analysis --- activation energy --- indoloquinoxaline --- low-cost polymer donor --- wide-bandgap polymer --- polymer solar cells --- dye-sensitized solar cells --- redox mediator --- solid polymer electrolytes --- succinonitrile --- electrical conductivity --- bulk-heterojunction solar cells --- perovskite solar cells --- thin layers --- azomethines --- supramolecular organization --- organic thin films --- polymer:fullerene blends --- organic photovoltaics --- memory device --- organic semiconductors --- poly-N-epoxy-propylcarbazole --- tera-cyanoquino-dimethane --- CsPbBr3 perovskite QDs --- amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) --- light amplification --- surface passivation --- photostability --- 3D helicoidal architecture --- fiber-based polymer composite --- impact resistance --- lightweight photovoltaics (PV) --- integrated PV rooftop --- luminescent solar concentrator --- polymer matrix --- organic fluorophore --- intramolecular charge transfer --- light harvesting --- dye --- organic solar cells --- ellipsometry --- ternary organic films --- morphology examination --- micro --- perovskite --- solar cell --- 3D printing --- fused deposition modeling --- artificially light-harvesting --- luminescent solar concentrators --- molecular alignability prediction --- redirecting diffuse light --- polymer:fullerene blend films --- iodine doping --- annealing effect --- absorption edge parameters --- exciton bandwidth --- structural changes --- BHJ solar cells --- polymer --- bulk heterojunction --- PEDOT:PSS --- PTB7:PC70BM --- PFN-Br --- SCAPS 1D --- encapsulants for PV modules --- lamination process --- EVA --- POE --- power conversion efficiency --- hybrid perovskite --- tandem structure --- photovoltaics --- commercialization --- molecular modeling --- stretching process --- polymers --- mechanical deformation --- density functional theory --- crosslinking kinetics --- dynamic mechanical analysis --- activation energy --- indoloquinoxaline --- low-cost polymer donor --- wide-bandgap polymer --- polymer solar cells --- dye-sensitized solar cells --- redox mediator --- solid polymer electrolytes --- succinonitrile --- electrical conductivity --- bulk-heterojunction solar cells --- perovskite solar cells --- thin layers