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Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) are crucial to the Belgian economy, representing 99.9% of all enterprises and employing over 1.1 million individuals. Despite their importance, SMEs often struggle with financing, a challenge worsened by the Covid-19 pandemic. In response to these challenges, the Belgian Government has launched various policy initiatives at both federal and regional levels. One such measure, implemented in the Walloon region, is the “Ricochet-recovery” loan, distinguished by its 0% interest rate, making it an appealing option for businesses seeking financial support.

This study investigates the impact of the “Ricochet-recovery” loan on the credit spreads and financial health of Belgian SMEs. By utilising a dataset of 9,263 SMEs from 2017 to 2022, the research employs a Difference-in-Differences (DiD) approach to compare financial outcomes between eligible and non-eligible firms. The findings indicate that the loan policy significantly reduced credit spreads for eligible SMEs, suggesting improved creditworthiness and lower borrowing costs. Additionally, the study highlights enhanced financial access for eligible firms, both before and after the policy enactment.

These results demonstrate the effectiveness of targeted financial interventions in supporting SMEs during economic downturns. Policymakers can use these insights to design future policies that ensure SMEs receive necessary support, maintaining financial stability and fostering a resilient economic environment.

SMEs --- Covid-19 pandemic --- Ricochet-recovery loan --- Credit spreads --- Financial health --- Government-backed loans --- Difference-in-Differences (DiD) approach --- Sciences économiques & de gestion > Méthodes quantitatives en économie & gestion

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Efforts to make it easier for firms to register formally are the most common form of business regulatory reform over the past decade. While there is evidence that large reforms have resulted in some increases in registration rates, recent experimental evidence suggests very few informal firms choose to register when given information about how to do so. This raises the question of whether it is productive for governments to continue to extend simplification efforts to all firms, especially those in more remote areas where many of the benefits of registering may be reduced. This study uses administrative data to evaluate the impact of Minas Facil Expresso, a program in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, which attempted to expand a business start-up simplification program to more remote municipalities. Using difference-in-differences with 56 months of registration data for 822 municipalities, the analysis finds introducing these units actually led to a reduction in registration rates, and no change in tax revenues. The paper uses this evaluation to illustrate the design choices and issues involved in using administrative data to evaluate reforms, with the goal of also providing a template that can be used for evaluating similar reforms elsewhere.

Corporate Law --- Difference-in-Differences --- Entry reform --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Informality --- Municipal Financial Management --- Municipal Management and Reform --- Private Sector Development --- Regional Governance --- Urban Governance and Management

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Ghana is experiencing its third gold rush, and this paper sheds light on the socioeconomic impacts of this rapid expansion in industrial production. The paper uses a rich data set consisting of geocoded household data combined with detailed information on gold mining activities, and conducts two types of difference-in-differences estimations that provide complementary evidence. The first is a local-level analysis that identifies an economic footprint area very close to a mine; the second is a district-level analysis that captures the fiscal channel. The results indicate that men are more likely to benefit from direct employment as miners and that women are more likely to gain from indirect employment opportunities in services, although these results are imprecisely measured. Long-established households gain access to infrastructure, such as electricity and radios. Migrants living close to mines are less likely to have access to electricity and the incidence of diarrheal diseases is higher among migrant children. Overall, however, infant mortality rates decrease significantly in mining communities.

Difference-in-Differences Estimations --- Disease Control & Prevention --- Gender --- Geocoded Household Data --- Gold Mining --- Health Monitoring & Evaluation --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Labor Policies --- Long-Established Households --- Mining & Extractive Industry(Non-Energy) --- Population Policies --- Socioeconomic Impacts

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This book consists of articles that investigate and discuss the relationship between economics of education and sustainable development; that is, how education economics plays an important role in sustainable development. Economics of education or education economics is the study of economic issues relating to education (such as education policy and finance, human capital production and acquisition, and the returns to human capital); while sustainable development is the study of a system (a human society) operating and growing continuously, which includes environment, economy, industry, business, agriculture, etc. This book particularly focuses on the economy – how an economy continuously and steadily develops and grows.

higher education --- education input --- technological innovation --- economic growth --- VAR model --- education heterogeneity --- spatial spillover effects --- total factor productivity growth --- dynamic spatial SLX model --- wage discrimination --- sustainable development --- sheepskin effects --- supply/demand transition in labor market --- gender discrimination --- academic progression --- women faculty --- female professors --- maternity penalty --- gender gap --- gender disparity --- education --- Propensity Score Matching --- Intra-household income inequality --- senior secondary school --- parental economic expectation --- sustainable economic development --- international students --- human capital --- sustainable financial education --- consumer life satisfaction --- the necessity of financial education --- ordered probit regression --- trivariate causality --- health --- Zimbabwe --- human capital investment --- rate of returns --- screening and sheepskin effects --- tuition fee control policy --- financial management --- principal–agency model --- educational policy evaluation --- unintended consequence --- high school equalization policy --- housing market --- difference-in-differences analysis --- entrepreneurial intentions --- emotional competencies --- behavioral competencies --- entrepreneurial education --- nonlinear --- kink regression --- ASEAN-5

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This book brings together the latest research findings on the state of air pollution control and its impact on economic growth in different countries. The book has substantial content and rich discussion. It is suitable for students and researchers at different levels to learn the status of air pollution, governance policies and their effects, and the relationship between pollution control and economic growth in countries around the world.

The arts --- haze pollution --- economic development quality --- environmental management --- PM2.5 concentration --- evolutionary game --- quadrilateral game --- air pollution --- pollution control policy --- PM2.5 --- spatiotemporal variation --- empirical orthogonal function --- continuous wavelet transform --- backward trajectory analysis --- joint governance region --- atrial fibrillation --- environmental factors --- binary logistic model --- sustainable development --- early warning --- design mobile laboratory campaign --- air pollution concentration --- population exposure to air pollutant --- air quality --- spatiotemporal characteristics --- urban land use --- coupled relationship --- Lanzhou City --- economic growth rate --- GDP per capita --- China --- digital economy --- industrial structure --- spatial spillover --- noise --- silence zone area --- GIS --- linear regression --- mechanical ventilation systems --- minimum ventilation level --- Korea housing --- CO2 concentration --- apartment ventilation --- construction industry --- sustainable development goals --- sustainable construction --- healthy living environment --- King Abdulaziz University --- GWR --- zero-carbon campus --- spatial heterogeneity --- O3 --- transmission pathways --- backward trajectory --- PSCF --- CWT --- global research trend --- SCI-Expanded database --- scientometrics --- halogenated gases --- climate change --- ozone depletion --- environmental regulations --- green technology innovation --- regional differences --- difference-in-differences --- urban form --- urbanization --- spatial autocorrelation --- sensitivity --- aerosols --- zero-out --- Iberian Peninsula --- carbon peak --- carbon neutrality --- export trade --- embodied carbon --- Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index --- random forests --- atmospheric circulation --- machine learning --- complex topography --- big-data intelligent system --- on-road vehicle emissions --- traffic monitoring --- hyperfine modelling --- real-time visualization --- decarbonization --- bituminous coal --- pollution source --- monitoring --- road traffic --- haze pollution --- economic development quality --- environmental management --- PM2.5 concentration --- evolutionary game --- quadrilateral game --- air pollution --- pollution control policy --- PM2.5 --- spatiotemporal variation --- empirical orthogonal function --- continuous wavelet transform --- backward trajectory analysis --- joint governance region --- atrial fibrillation --- environmental factors --- binary logistic model --- sustainable development --- early warning --- design mobile laboratory campaign --- air pollution concentration --- population exposure to air pollutant --- air quality --- spatiotemporal characteristics --- urban land use --- coupled relationship --- Lanzhou City --- economic growth rate --- GDP per capita --- China --- digital economy --- industrial structure --- spatial spillover --- noise --- silence zone area --- GIS --- linear regression --- mechanical ventilation systems --- minimum ventilation level --- Korea housing --- CO2 concentration --- apartment ventilation --- construction industry --- sustainable development goals --- sustainable construction --- healthy living environment --- King Abdulaziz University --- GWR --- zero-carbon campus --- spatial heterogeneity --- O3 --- transmission pathways --- backward trajectory --- PSCF --- CWT --- global research trend --- SCI-Expanded database --- scientometrics --- halogenated gases --- climate change --- ozone depletion --- environmental regulations --- green technology innovation --- regional differences --- difference-in-differences --- urban form --- urbanization --- spatial autocorrelation --- sensitivity --- aerosols --- zero-out --- Iberian Peninsula --- carbon peak --- carbon neutrality --- export trade --- embodied carbon --- Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index --- random forests --- atmospheric circulation --- machine learning --- complex topography --- big-data intelligent system --- on-road vehicle emissions --- traffic monitoring --- hyperfine modelling --- real-time visualization --- decarbonization --- bituminous coal --- pollution source --- monitoring --- road traffic