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Due to their lightweight and high specific strength, Mg-based alloys are considered as substitutes to their heavier counterparts in applications in which corrosion is non-relevant and weight saving is of importance. Furthermore, due to the biocompatibility of Mg, some alloys with controlled corrosion rates are used as degradable implant materials in the medical sector. The typical processing route of Mg parts incorporates a casting step and, subsequently, a thermo–mechanical treatment. In order to achieve the desired macroscopic properties and thus fulfill the service requirements, thorough knowledge of the relationship between the microstructure, the processing steps, and the resulting property profile is necessary. This Special Issue covers in situ and ex situ experimental and computational investigations of the behavior under thermo–mechanical load of Mg-based alloys utilizing modern characterization and simulation techniques. The papers cover investigations on the effect of rare earth additions on the mechanical properties of different Mg alloys, including the effect of long-period stacking-ordered (LPSO) structures, and the experimental and computational investigation of the effect of different processing routes.

Technology: general issues --- magnesium alloys --- long period stacking ordered structures (LPSO) --- synchrotron radiation diffraction --- magnesium alloy --- low-speed extrusion --- microstructure evolution --- mechanical properties --- thermomechanical processing --- calcium addition --- disintegrated melt deposition --- processing map --- formability --- initial texture --- deformation mechanism --- texture evolution --- ductile damage --- GTN model --- magnesium --- in-situ --- deformation mechanisms --- deformation behaviour --- restoration mechanisms --- electron microscopy --- characterisation --- in-situ diffraction --- Mg-LPSO alloys --- neutron diffraction --- EBSD --- dislocation slip --- twinning --- n/a

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Metal manufacturing is a fundamental and indispensable technology in the processing of raw metals into desired products, which significantly promotes the development of industry and society overall. This book presents original research and a state of the art review of contemporary metal manufacturing processes, especially in the modeling, optimization, and design of the manufacturing processes. This book covers topics such as machine learning algorithms in manufacturing metal products, the fabrication and optimization of mechanical properties of metals, and numerical simulations and experiments in the machining of metals. The book presents some essential theories and successful manufacturing techniques for the low-cost and highly efficient production of metals.

Business strategy --- Manufacturing industries --- machine learning --- reinforcement learning --- Q-learning --- steelmaking process CAS-OB --- decision-support system --- optimisation algorithm --- 3D auxetic structures --- selective laser melting --- micro assembled --- structural surface layer model --- A380 alloy --- Ca --- AlFeSi phase --- refine --- micro-cutting --- grain size --- surface integrity --- cutting forces --- chip formation --- OFHC copper C102 --- amorphous alloys --- Fe-based amorphous alloys --- difficult-to-machine --- assisted machining --- high-frequency PCB --- drilling --- coating technology --- tool wear --- hot filament chemical vapor deposition --- PCBN tool --- gray cast iron --- surface quality --- temperature prediction --- weighted regularized extreme learning machine --- just-in-time learning --- sample similarities --- variable correlations --- tool edge preparation --- orthogonal cutting --- numerical simulation --- ANOVA --- temperature --- stress --- ECAP --- metallic materials --- processing parameters --- deformation mechanism --- n/a

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Additive manufacturing (AM) is continuously improving and offering innovative alternatives to conventional manufacturing techniques. The advantages of AM (design freedom, reduction in material waste, low-cost prototyping, etc.) can be exploited in different sectors by replacing or complementing traditional manufacturing methods. For this to happen, the combination of design, materials and technology must be deeply analyzed for every specific application. Despite the continuous progress of AM, there is still a need for further investigation in terms of design and applications to boost AM's implementation in the manufacturing industry or even in other sectors where short and personalized series productions could be useful, such as the medical sector. This Special Issue gathers a variety of research articles (12 peer-reviewed papers) involving the design and application of AM, including innovative design approaches where AM is applied to improve conventional methods or currently used techniques, design and modeling methodologies for specific AM applications, design optimization and new methods for the quality control and calibration of simulation methods.

4D printing --- material extrusion --- shape changing behavior --- shape memory polymers --- print pattern --- infill density --- polylactic acid --- SLM --- defocusing --- IN 625 --- melt pool --- tensile testing --- density --- selective laser melting --- powder spreading defect --- machine vision --- classifier --- finite element thermal analysis --- model calibration --- thermographic image --- bead on plate test --- Bayesian optimization --- nickel-based superalloy --- tissue engineering --- scaffold --- material extrusion additive manufacturing --- 3D geometry modelling --- finite element analysis --- mechanical properties --- additive manufacturing --- closed impeller --- MPFL pumps --- balancing --- non-destructive testing --- triply periodic minimal surface --- 316 L stainless steel --- energy absorption --- deformation mechanism --- flexible pressure sensor --- microstructure --- 3D printing --- composite film --- stress shielding --- total hip replacement --- femoral component --- lattice --- 3d printing --- aseptic loosening --- bone remodelling --- internal structures --- biomimicry --- 15-5 PH stainless steel --- in-situ neutron diffraction --- low-cycle fatigue --- martensite transformation --- structural joints --- aging --- ABS --- PETG --- PLA --- aluminum --- polymer rheology --- thermal joining --- topological optimization --- hybrid technology --- investment casting --- n/a

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The Special Issue is focused on recent and upcoming advances in the combined application of remote sensing and applied geophysics. Applied geophysics analyzes the distribution of physical properties in the subsurface for a wide range of geological, engineering, and environmental applications at different scales. Seismic, electrical, magnetic, and electromagnetic methods are among the most applied and well-established geophysical techniques. These methods share the advantages of being non-invasive and exploring wide areas of investigation with respect to conventional methods (e.g., drilling). Geophysical surveys are usually carried out deploying or moving the appropriate instrumentation directly on the ground surface. However, recent technological advances have resulting in the development of innovative acquisition systems becoming more typical of the remote sensing community (e.g., airborne surveys). While applied geophysics mainly focuses on the subsurface, typical remote sensing techniques have the ability to accurately image the Earth’s surface with high-resolution investigations carried out by means of terrestrial, airborne, or satellite-based platforms. The integration of surface and subsurface information is often crucial for several purposes, including the processing of geophysical data, the characterization and time-lapse monitoring of surface and near-surface targets, and the reconstruction of highly detailed and comprehensive 3D models of the investigated areas. Recent contributions showing the added value of surface reconstruction and/or monitoring in the processing, interpretation, and cross-comparison of geophysical techniques for archaeological, environmental, and engineering studies are collected in this book. Pioneering geophysical acquisitions by means of innovative remote systems are also presented.

Research & information: general --- Alpine glaciers --- Belvedere Glacier --- ice thickness estimation --- ice bottom morphology and properties --- ground-penetrating radar (GPR) --- single-station passive seismic measurements --- horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) --- archaeological prospection --- automated resistivity profiling ARP --- electrical resistivity survey --- multi-channel ground penetrating radar --- geophysical methods integration --- Chang'E-4 --- lunar penetrating radar (LPR) --- 3D velocity spectrum --- properties analysis --- remote sensing and GIS --- field geophysics --- groundwater potentiality --- West Qena --- Egypt --- mine collapse --- anthropogenic hazard --- seismology --- GNSS --- InSAR --- post-seismic deformation mechanism --- InSAR time series algorithm --- Kermanshah earthquake --- viscoelastic relaxation --- near-surface geophysics --- LiDAR --- magnetic gradiometry --- surface magnetic susceptibility --- electromagnetic induction --- Middle Woodland period --- Hopewell archaeology --- depth inversion --- sedimentary processes --- Autonomous Surface Vehicles (ASV) --- marine geophysics --- shallow water environments --- repeated 4D surveys --- NAIADI Project (New Autonomous/automatIc systems for the study AnD monitoring of aquatic envIronments) --- electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) --- frequency domain electromagnetic (FDEM) --- archaeology --- terramare --- bronze age --- elastic full waveform inversion --- acoustic-elastic coupled --- ocean bottom seismic --- multicomponent --- multiparameter --- ground penetrating radar (GPR) --- moisture content --- velocity analysis --- optimal gather --- passive seismic interferometry --- surface wave --- inversion --- shear-wave velocity --- ambient noise --- dispersion curve --- aerial archaeology --- landscape archaeology --- frequency-domain electromagnetic methods (FDEM) --- paleochannel --- Snow Eagle 601 --- aerogeophysics --- Princess Elizabeth Land --- ice-penetrating radar --- Antarctic ice sheet --- Alpine glaciers --- Belvedere Glacier --- ice thickness estimation --- ice bottom morphology and properties --- ground-penetrating radar (GPR) --- single-station passive seismic measurements --- horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) --- archaeological prospection --- automated resistivity profiling ARP --- electrical resistivity survey --- multi-channel ground penetrating radar --- geophysical methods integration --- Chang'E-4 --- lunar penetrating radar (LPR) --- 3D velocity spectrum --- properties analysis --- remote sensing and GIS --- field geophysics --- groundwater potentiality --- West Qena --- Egypt --- mine collapse --- anthropogenic hazard --- seismology --- GNSS --- InSAR --- post-seismic deformation mechanism --- InSAR time series algorithm --- Kermanshah earthquake --- viscoelastic relaxation --- near-surface geophysics --- LiDAR --- magnetic gradiometry --- surface magnetic susceptibility --- electromagnetic induction --- Middle Woodland period --- Hopewell archaeology --- depth inversion --- sedimentary processes --- Autonomous Surface Vehicles (ASV) --- marine geophysics --- shallow water environments --- repeated 4D surveys --- NAIADI Project (New Autonomous/automatIc systems for the study AnD monitoring of aquatic envIronments) --- electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) --- frequency domain electromagnetic (FDEM) --- archaeology --- terramare --- bronze age --- elastic full waveform inversion --- acoustic-elastic coupled --- ocean bottom seismic --- multicomponent --- multiparameter --- ground penetrating radar (GPR) --- moisture content --- velocity analysis --- optimal gather --- passive seismic interferometry --- surface wave --- inversion --- shear-wave velocity --- ambient noise --- dispersion curve --- aerial archaeology --- landscape archaeology --- frequency-domain electromagnetic methods (FDEM) --- paleochannel --- Snow Eagle 601 --- aerogeophysics --- Princess Elizabeth Land --- ice-penetrating radar --- Antarctic ice sheet

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In recent years, people have tended to adjust the degree of order/disorder to explore new materials. The degree of order/disorder can be measured by entropy, and it can be divided into two parts: topological disordering and chemical disordering. The former mainly refers to order in the spatial configuration, e.g., amorphous alloys which show short-range ordering but without long-range ordering, while the latter mainly refers to the order in the chemical occupancy, that is to say, the components can replace each other, and typical representatives are high-entropy alloy (HEAs). HEAs, in sharp contrast to traditional alloys based on one or two principal elements, have one striking characteristic: their unusually high entropy of mixing. They have not received much noticed until the review paper entitled “Microstructure and Properties of High-Entropy Alloys” was published in 2014 in the journal of Progress in Materials Science. Numerous reports have shown they exhibit five recognized performance characteristics, namely, strength–plasticity trade-off breaking, irradiation tolerance, corrosion resistance, high-impact toughness within a wider temperature range, and high thermal stability. So far, the development of HEAs has gone through three main stages: 1. Quinary equal-atomic single-phase solid solution alloys; 2. Quaternary or quinary non-equal-atomic multiphase alloys; 3. Medium-entropy alloys, high-entropy fibers, high-entropy films, lightweight HEAs, etc. Nowadays, more in-depth research on high-entropy alloys is urgently needed.

high-entropy alloys --- alloys design --- lightweight alloys --- high entropy alloys --- elemental addition --- annealing treatment --- magnetic property --- microhardness --- in situ X-ray diffraction --- grain refinement --- thermoelectric properties --- scandium effect --- HEA --- high-entropy alloy --- CCA --- compositionally complex alloy --- phase composition --- microstructure --- wear behaviour --- metal matrix composites --- mechanical properties --- high-entropy films --- phase structures --- hardness --- solid-solution --- interstitial phase --- transmission electron microscopy --- compositionally complex alloys --- CrFeCoNi(Nb,Mo) --- corrosion --- sulfuric acid --- sodium chloride --- entropy --- multicomponent --- differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) --- specific heat --- stacking-fault energy --- density functional theory --- nanoscaled high-entropy alloys --- nanodisturbances --- phase transformations --- atomic-scale unstable --- mechanical alloying --- spark plasma sintering --- nanoprecipitates --- annealing --- phase constituent --- ion irradiation --- hardening behavior --- volume swelling --- medium entropy alloy --- high-pressure torsion --- partial recrystallization --- tensile strength --- high-entropy alloys (HEAs) --- phase constitution --- magnetic properties --- Curie temperature --- phase transition --- precipitation --- strengthening --- coherent microstructure --- conventional alloys --- nanocrystalline materials --- high entropy alloy --- sputtering --- deformation and fracture --- strain rate sensitivity --- liquid phase separation --- immiscible alloys --- HEAs --- multicomponent alloys --- miscibility gaps --- multi-principal element alloys --- MPEAs --- complex concentrated alloys --- CCAs --- electron microscopy --- plasticity methods --- plasticity --- serration behavior --- alloy design --- structural metals --- CALPHAD --- solid-solution alloys --- lattice distortion --- phase transformation --- (CoCrFeNi)100−xMox alloys --- corrosion behavior --- gamma double prime nanoparticles --- elemental partitioning --- atom probe tomography --- first-principles calculations --- bcc --- phase stability --- composition scanning --- laser cladding --- high-entropy alloy coating --- AZ91D magnesium alloy --- wear --- kinetics --- deformation --- thermal expansion --- diamond --- composite --- powder metallurgy --- additive manufacturing --- low-activation high-entropy alloys (HEAs) --- high-temperature structural alloys --- microstructures --- compressive properties --- heat-softening resistance --- tensile creep behavior --- microstructural evolution --- creep mechanism --- first-principles calculation --- maximum entropy --- elastic property --- mechanical property --- recrystallization --- laser metal deposition --- elemental powder --- graded material --- refractory high-entropy alloys --- elevated-temperature yield strength --- solid solution strengthening effect --- bulk metallic glass --- complex stress field --- shear band --- flow serration --- deformation mechanism --- ab initio --- configuration entropy --- matrix formulation --- cluster expansion --- cluster variation method --- monte carlo --- thermodynamic integration --- (AlCrTiZrV)-Six-N films --- nanocomposite structure --- refractory high entropy alloys --- medium entropy alloys, mechanical properties --- thin films --- deformation behaviors --- nanocrystalline --- coating --- interface --- mechanical characterization --- high pressure --- polymorphic transition --- solidification --- eutectic dendrites --- hierarchical nanotwins --- precipitation kinetics --- strengthening mechanisms --- elongation prediction --- welding --- Hall–Petch (H–P) effect --- lattice constants --- high-entropy ceramic --- solid-state diffusion --- phase evolution --- mechanical behaviors --- high-entropy film --- low-activation alloys