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Liposomes --- Liposomes, Ultra-deformable --- Niosomes --- Transferosomes --- Ultradeformable Liposomes --- Liposome --- Liposome, Ultra-deformable --- Liposome, Ultradeformable --- Liposomes, Ultra deformable --- Liposomes, Ultradeformable --- Niosome --- Transferosome --- Ultra-deformable Liposome --- Ultra-deformable Liposomes --- Ultradeformable Liposome --- Phospholipid vesicles --- Lipid Bilayers --- Bilayer lipid membranes --- Cytoplasm --- Phospholipids --- Biochemistry --- Biology --- Biophysics --- Chemistry. --- Cytology, Cell Biology. --- Physical Chemistry --- Life Sciences. --- Chemistry --- Health Sciences --- Life Sciences --- Pharmacy and Pharmacology --- Cytology, Cell Biology --- Liposomes.

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Even in ancient times, semi-solid preparations for cutaneous application, popularly known as ointments, played an important role in human society. An advanced scientific investigation of “ointments” as dosage forms was initiated in the 1950s. It was only from then on that the intensive physico-chemical characterization of ointments as well as the inclusion of dermatological aspects led to a comprehensive understanding of the various interactions between the vehicle, the active ingredient and the skin. From then on, many researchers were involved in optimizing semi-solid formulations with respect to continuously changing therapeutic and patient needs. Aspects that have been dealt with were the optimization of dermato-biopharmaceutical properties and many different issues related to patient compliance, such as skin tolerance, applicability, and cosmetic appeal. Moreover, processing technology has been improved and analytical techniques were developed and refined in order to enable the improved characterization of the formulation itself as well as its interaction with the skin. This Special Issue serves to highlight and capture the contemporary progress and current research on semi-solid formulations as dermal drug delivery systems. We invite articles on all aspects of semi-solid formulations, highlighting the research currently undertaken to improve and better understand these complex drug delivery systems with respect to their formulation, processing and characterization issues.

Medicine --- dermal drug delivery --- diffusion cell --- Franz diffusion --- Skin-PAMPA --- Strat-M® membrane --- nanocarrier --- nonivamide --- methyl cellulose --- skin penetration --- substantivity --- thermogel --- tacrolimus formulation --- nanogels --- drug delivery --- human excised skin --- Jurkat cells --- in situ hydrogel-forming powder --- nitric oxide-releasing formulation --- S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) --- antibacterial --- wound dressing --- wound healing --- dermal delivery --- porcine skin --- in vitro permeation --- methadone --- pain --- in vitro --- permeation --- niacinamide --- solvent --- PAMPA --- skin --- curcumin --- deformable liposomes --- liposome surface charge --- hydrogel --- chitosan --- wound therapy --- IVRT --- metronidazole --- topical cream --- semisolid dosage forms --- sameness --- FDA’s SUPAC-SS guidance --- acceptance criteria --- positive and negative controls --- discriminatory ability --- Amphotericin B --- Sepigel 305® --- Leishmania infantum --- cutaneous leishmaniasis --- topical treatment --- birch bark extract --- oleogels --- hydrogen bonding --- triterpene --- rheology --- gel strength --- eosinophilic esophagitis --- budesonide --- xanthan gum --- guar gum --- mucoadhesion --- esophagus permeability --- rheological characterization --- pediatric medicine --- compounded preparation --- non-ionic emulsifiers --- intercellular lipids --- confocal Raman spectroscopy (CRS) --- polyethylene glycol alkyl ethers --- polyethylene glycol sorbitan fatty acid esters --- n/a --- FDA's SUPAC-SS guidance

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Even in ancient times, semi-solid preparations for cutaneous application, popularly known as ointments, played an important role in human society. An advanced scientific investigation of “ointments” as dosage forms was initiated in the 1950s. It was only from then on that the intensive physico-chemical characterization of ointments as well as the inclusion of dermatological aspects led to a comprehensive understanding of the various interactions between the vehicle, the active ingredient and the skin. From then on, many researchers were involved in optimizing semi-solid formulations with respect to continuously changing therapeutic and patient needs. Aspects that have been dealt with were the optimization of dermato-biopharmaceutical properties and many different issues related to patient compliance, such as skin tolerance, applicability, and cosmetic appeal. Moreover, processing technology has been improved and analytical techniques were developed and refined in order to enable the improved characterization of the formulation itself as well as its interaction with the skin. This Special Issue serves to highlight and capture the contemporary progress and current research on semi-solid formulations as dermal drug delivery systems. We invite articles on all aspects of semi-solid formulations, highlighting the research currently undertaken to improve and better understand these complex drug delivery systems with respect to their formulation, processing and characterization issues.

Medicine --- dermal drug delivery --- diffusion cell --- Franz diffusion --- Skin-PAMPA --- Strat-M® membrane --- nanocarrier --- nonivamide --- methyl cellulose --- skin penetration --- substantivity --- thermogel --- tacrolimus formulation --- nanogels --- drug delivery --- human excised skin --- Jurkat cells --- in situ hydrogel-forming powder --- nitric oxide-releasing formulation --- S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) --- antibacterial --- wound dressing --- wound healing --- dermal delivery --- porcine skin --- in vitro permeation --- methadone --- pain --- in vitro --- permeation --- niacinamide --- solvent --- PAMPA --- skin --- curcumin --- deformable liposomes --- liposome surface charge --- hydrogel --- chitosan --- wound therapy --- IVRT --- metronidazole --- topical cream --- semisolid dosage forms --- sameness --- FDA's SUPAC-SS guidance --- acceptance criteria --- positive and negative controls --- discriminatory ability --- Amphotericin B --- Sepigel 305® --- Leishmania infantum --- cutaneous leishmaniasis --- topical treatment --- birch bark extract --- oleogels --- hydrogen bonding --- triterpene --- rheology --- gel strength --- eosinophilic esophagitis --- budesonide --- xanthan gum --- guar gum --- mucoadhesion --- esophagus permeability --- rheological characterization --- pediatric medicine --- compounded preparation --- non-ionic emulsifiers --- intercellular lipids --- confocal Raman spectroscopy (CRS) --- polyethylene glycol alkyl ethers --- polyethylene glycol sorbitan fatty acid esters --- dermal drug delivery --- diffusion cell --- Franz diffusion --- Skin-PAMPA --- Strat-M® membrane --- nanocarrier --- nonivamide --- methyl cellulose --- skin penetration --- substantivity --- thermogel --- tacrolimus formulation --- nanogels --- drug delivery --- human excised skin --- Jurkat cells --- in situ hydrogel-forming powder --- nitric oxide-releasing formulation --- S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) --- antibacterial --- wound dressing --- wound healing --- dermal delivery --- porcine skin --- in vitro permeation --- methadone --- pain --- in vitro --- permeation --- niacinamide --- solvent --- PAMPA --- skin --- curcumin --- deformable liposomes --- liposome surface charge --- hydrogel --- chitosan --- wound therapy --- IVRT --- metronidazole --- topical cream --- semisolid dosage forms --- sameness --- FDA's SUPAC-SS guidance --- acceptance criteria --- positive and negative controls --- discriminatory ability --- Amphotericin B --- Sepigel 305® --- Leishmania infantum --- cutaneous leishmaniasis --- topical treatment --- birch bark extract --- oleogels --- hydrogen bonding --- triterpene --- rheology --- gel strength --- eosinophilic esophagitis --- budesonide --- xanthan gum --- guar gum --- mucoadhesion --- esophagus permeability --- rheological characterization --- pediatric medicine --- compounded preparation --- non-ionic emulsifiers --- intercellular lipids --- confocal Raman spectroscopy (CRS) --- polyethylene glycol alkyl ethers --- polyethylene glycol sorbitan fatty acid esters

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Liposomes are cellular structures made up of lipid molecules. Important as a cellular model in the study of basic biology, liposomes are also used in clinical applications such as drug delivery and virus studies. Liposomes Part D is a continuation of previous MIE Liposome volumes A, B, and C.Contents: Antibody or Ligand Targeted Liposomes; environment sensitive liposomes; liposomal oligonucleotides; liposomes in vivo

Enzymology. --- Liposomes -- Handbooks, manuals, etc. --- Liposomes. --- Animal Biochemistry --- Cytology --- Biology --- Human Anatomy & Physiology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Liposomes --- Phospholipid vesicles --- Membranes, Artificial --- Drug Carriers --- Biomedical and Dental Materials --- Biomimetic Materials --- Manufactured Materials --- Specialty Uses of Chemicals --- Specialty Chemicals and Products --- Manufactured Material --- Material, Manufactured --- Materials, Manufactured --- Biomimicry Devices --- Biomimicry Materials --- Biomimetic Devices --- Biomimetic Device --- Biomimetic Material --- Biomimicry Device --- Biomimicry Material --- Device, Biomimetic --- Device, Biomimicry --- Devices, Biomimetic --- Devices, Biomimicry --- Material, Biomimetic --- Material, Biomimicry --- Materials, Biomimetic --- Materials, Biomimicry --- Drug Carrier --- Artificial Membranes --- Artificial Membrane --- Membrane, Artificial --- Bilayer lipid membranes --- Cytoplasm --- Phospholipids --- Biochemistry --- Enzymes --- Dosage Forms --- Pharmaceutical Preparations --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Technology, Industry, and Agriculture --- Chemical Actions and Uses --- Technology, Industry, Agriculture --- Pharmaceutic Preparations --- Pharmaceutical Products --- Pharmaceuticals --- Preparations, Pharmaceutical --- Drugs --- Preparations, Pharmaceutic --- Products, Pharmaceutical --- Pharmacology --- Drug Dosage Calculations --- Biocompatible Materials --- Dosage Form --- Form, Dosage --- Forms, Dosage --- Drug Administration Routes --- Drug Delivery Systems --- Liposomes, Ultra-deformable --- Niosomes --- Transferosomes --- Ultradeformable Liposomes --- Liposome --- Liposome, Ultra-deformable --- Liposome, Ultradeformable --- Liposomes, Ultra deformable --- Liposomes, Ultradeformable --- Niosome --- Transferosome --- Ultra-deformable Liposome --- Ultra-deformable Liposomes --- Ultradeformable Liposome --- Lipid Bilayers --- Drug --- Pharmaceutical --- Pharmaceutical Preparation --- Pharmaceutical Product --- Preparation, Pharmaceutical --- Product, Pharmaceutical --- Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles