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This paper investigates the distributional changes that limited pro-poor growth in the past two decades in Sub-Saharan Africa; these changes went undetected by standard inequality measures. By developing a new decomposition technique based on a nonparametric method-the relative distribution-the paper finds a clear distributional pattern affecting almost all the analyzed countries. Nineteen of 24 countries experienced a significant increase in polarization, particularly in the lower tail of the distribution, and this distributional change lowered the pro-poor impact of growth substantially. Without this change, poverty could have decreased an additional 5-6 percentage points during the past decade.

Consumption Distribution --- Decomposition Analysis --- Inequality --- Polarization --- Poverty Change --- Poverty Lines --- Poverty Reduction --- Relative Distribution

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This study aims to provide a quantitative and integrated analysis of long-term structural transformation and labor productivity growth in Malaysia. Using data from the Department of Statistics Malaysia from 1987 to 2018 and decompositions that take account of the static and dynamic efficiency gains from labor reallocation, it documents that Malaysia has undergone structural transformation from an agriculture-driven to a services-driven economy. However, in contrast to common perceptions, the country's impressive growth in output per capita over the past three decades can largely be attributed not to its structural transformation but instead to sustained growth in within-sector labor productivity. At 3 percent, the contribution of between-sector reallocation of labor to growth in output per capita in Malaysia has been relatively low. Accordingly, together with efforts to spur the more productive reallocation of labor across sectors and positively affect the employment rate, the main policy challenge for Malaysia going forward will be to achieve sustainable labor productivity growth within various sectors.

Decomposition Analysis --- Deindustrialization --- Employment --- Employment and Unemployment --- Growth Drivers --- Industrial Economics --- Industry --- Labor Markets --- Labor Productivity --- Poverty Reduction --- Social Protections and Labor --- Structural Transformation

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Water is necessary to produce energy, and energy is required to pump, treat, and transport water. The energy–water nexus examines the interactions between these two inextricably linked elements. This Special Issue aims to explore a single "system of systems" for the integration of energy systems. This approach considers the relationships between electricity, thermal, and fuel systems; and data and information networks in order to ensure optimal integration and interoperability across the entire spectrum of the energy system. This framework for the integration of energy systems can be adapted to evaluate the interactions between energy and water. This Special Issue focuses on the analysis of water interactions with and dependencies on the dynamics of the electricity sector and the transport sector

History of engineering & technology --- waste heat recovery --- absorption cooling --- water–energy nexus --- steelworks --- TRNSYS --- non-equilibrium molecular dynamics --- deformed carbon nanotubes --- deformed boron nitride nanotubes --- water transport --- diffusion --- Z-distortion --- XY-distortion --- screw distortion --- oil/water separation --- superhydrophilic/underwater-superoleophobic membranes --- opposite properties --- superhydrophobicity/superoleophilicity --- selective wettability --- micro/nanoscale composite structure --- virtual water network --- inter-provincial electricity transmission --- structural decomposition analysis --- electricity-water nexus --- cooling tower --- response surface model --- water --- power plant --- decarbonization --- energy concepts --- long-term energy storage --- power-to-gas --- power-to-X --- wastewater treatment --- anaerobic digestion --- water-energy nexus --- demand response --- energy consumption optimization --- multi-objective model --- urban water system --- local water supply --- electricity demand --- index decomposition analysis

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Standard approaches to decomposing how much group differences contribute to inequality rarely show significant between-group inequality, and are of limited use in comparing populations with different numbers of groups. This study applies an adaptation to the standard approach that remedies these problems to longitudinal household data from two Indian villages - Palanpur in the north, and Sugao in the west. The authors find that in Palanpur the largest scheduled caste group failed to share in the gradual rise in village prosperity. This would not have emerged from standard decomposition analysis. However, in Sugao the alternative procedure did not yield any additional insights because income gains applied relatively evenly across castes.

Average income --- Between-group inequality --- Decomposable inequality measures --- Decomposition analysis --- Decomposition techniques --- Economic development --- Economic inequality --- Empirical application --- Equity and Development --- Household data --- Income --- Income distribution --- Income inequality --- Income levels --- Inequality --- Inequality decomposition --- Inequality measurement --- Inequality will increase --- Policy research --- Population share --- Population sub-groups --- Population subgroup --- Poverty Impact Evaluation --- Poverty Reduction --- Rural Poverty Reduction --- Services & Transfers to Poor

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Water is necessary to produce energy, and energy is required to pump, treat, and transport water. The energy–water nexus examines the interactions between these two inextricably linked elements. This Special Issue aims to explore a single "system of systems" for the integration of energy systems. This approach considers the relationships between electricity, thermal, and fuel systems; and data and information networks in order to ensure optimal integration and interoperability across the entire spectrum of the energy system. This framework for the integration of energy systems can be adapted to evaluate the interactions between energy and water. This Special Issue focuses on the analysis of water interactions with and dependencies on the dynamics of the electricity sector and the transport sector

History of engineering & technology --- waste heat recovery --- absorption cooling --- water–energy nexus --- steelworks --- TRNSYS --- non-equilibrium molecular dynamics --- deformed carbon nanotubes --- deformed boron nitride nanotubes --- water transport --- diffusion --- Z-distortion --- XY-distortion --- screw distortion --- oil/water separation --- superhydrophilic/underwater-superoleophobic membranes --- opposite properties --- superhydrophobicity/superoleophilicity --- selective wettability --- micro/nanoscale composite structure --- virtual water network --- inter-provincial electricity transmission --- structural decomposition analysis --- electricity-water nexus --- cooling tower --- response surface model --- water --- power plant --- decarbonization --- energy concepts --- long-term energy storage --- power-to-gas --- power-to-X --- wastewater treatment --- anaerobic digestion --- water-energy nexus --- demand response --- energy consumption optimization --- multi-objective model --- urban water system --- local water supply --- electricity demand --- index decomposition analysis --- waste heat recovery --- absorption cooling --- water–energy nexus --- steelworks --- TRNSYS --- non-equilibrium molecular dynamics --- deformed carbon nanotubes --- deformed boron nitride nanotubes --- water transport --- diffusion --- Z-distortion --- XY-distortion --- screw distortion --- oil/water separation --- superhydrophilic/underwater-superoleophobic membranes --- opposite properties --- superhydrophobicity/superoleophilicity --- selective wettability --- micro/nanoscale composite structure --- virtual water network --- inter-provincial electricity transmission --- structural decomposition analysis --- electricity-water nexus --- cooling tower --- response surface model --- water --- power plant --- decarbonization --- energy concepts --- long-term energy storage --- power-to-gas --- power-to-X --- wastewater treatment --- anaerobic digestion --- water-energy nexus --- demand response --- energy consumption optimization --- multi-objective model --- urban water system --- local water supply --- electricity demand --- index decomposition analysis