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This thesis represents one of the few studies so far that systematically analyses environmental conditions within debris flow source areas to determine their relative importance for debris flow development. Environmental site conditions, such as slope gradient and debris availability, influence the spatial and temporal distribution of debris flows in high-alpine areas. However, current understanding of these preconditioning controls is mostly qualitative and inadequate for debris-flow hazard assessments and climate change impact studies. The author's research investigates the role of frost weathering and permafrost in the occurrence of debris flows in the Southern Alps of New Zealand. Analyses are based on an extensive debris flow inventory, documenting debris flow occurrence and activity over the last 60 years in selected catchments. Debris flow activity is compared to frost-weathering intensity estimates from two models, allowing the practical comparison of two competing frost-weathering hypotheses currently discussed in literature. Information on permafrost occurrence is based on a new distributed permafrost estimate for the Southern Alps, derived from climatic conditions at active rock glacier sites. This pioneering thesis provides empirical evidence that frost weathering promotes debris-flow formation. It further highlights the potential and limitations of regional-scale studies for advancing our understanding of debris-flow preconditioning factors.

Earth sciences. --- Natural disasters. --- Geomorphology. --- Earth Sciences. --- Natural Hazards. --- Debris avalanches. --- Debris avalanches --- Periglacial processes --- Paraglacial processes --- Avalanches, Debris --- Debris flows --- Flows, Debris --- Geomorphology --- Glacial landforms --- Landslides --- Geology. --- Geognosy --- Geoscience --- Earth sciences --- Natural history --- Geomorphic geology --- Physiography --- Physical geography --- Landforms --- Natural calamities --- Disasters

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Debris Flow Hazards and Related Phenomena is set to become the standard reference on debris flows, debris avalanches and related phenomena. The editors provide a complete treatment of all aspects of debris flow and debris avalanche research whilst making the book a useful tool for experts, researchers and students. Case studies are provided on a global basis which will illustrate graphically the real problems and real solutions associated with this devastating phenomena. The number of published articles in journals on landslides is literally exploding and where climate change is beginning to affect landslide activity, this book will be a much needed and long sought addition to the literature currently available.

Landslide hazard analysis. --- Debris avalanches. --- Earth sciences. --- Climate change. --- Geology. --- Sedimentology. --- Geophysics. --- Hydrogeology. --- Earth Sciences. --- Climate Change/Climate Change Impacts. --- Geophysics/Geodesy. --- Geohydrology --- Geology --- Hydrology --- Groundwater --- Geological physics --- Terrestrial physics --- Earth sciences --- Physics --- Petrology --- Geognosy --- Geoscience --- Natural history --- Changes, Climatic --- Climate change --- Climate changes --- Climate variations --- Climatic change --- Climatic changes --- Climatic fluctuations --- Climatic variations --- Global climate changes --- Global climatic changes --- Climatology --- Climate change mitigation --- Teleconnections (Climatology) --- Geosciences --- Environmental sciences --- Physical sciences --- Environmental aspects --- Avalanches, Debris --- Debris flows --- Flows, Debris --- Landslides --- Hazard analysis, Landslide --- Landslide hazard assessment --- Soil mechanics --- Hazard assessment --- Physical geography. --- Hydraulic engineering. --- Engineering, Hydraulic --- Engineering --- Fluid mechanics --- Hydraulics --- Shore protection --- Geography --- Changes in climate --- Climate change science --- Global environmental change

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This book reflects the latest research results in computer modelling of landslide-induced debris flows. The book establishes an understanding of the initiation and propagation mechanisms of landslides by means of numerical simulations, so that mitigation strategies to reduce the long-term losses from landslide hazards can be devised. In this context, the book employs the Discrete Element Method (DEM) and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to investigate the mechanical and hydraulic behaviour of granular materials involved in landslides – an approach that yields meaningful insights into the flow mechanisms, concerning e.g. the mobilization of sediments, the generation and dissipation of excess pore water pressures, and the evolution of effective stresses. As such, the book provides valuable information, useful methods and robust numerical tools that can be successfully applied in the field of debris flow research.

Engineering. --- Natural disasters. --- Geotechnical engineering. --- Fluid mechanics. --- Engineering geology. --- Engineering --- Foundations. --- Hydraulics. --- Geoengineering, Foundations, Hydraulics. --- Geotechnical Engineering & Applied Earth Sciences. --- Engineering Fluid Dynamics. --- Natural Hazards. --- Geology. --- Debris avalanches. --- Avalanches, Debris --- Debris flows --- Flows, Debris --- Landslides --- Hydraulic engineering. --- Geognosy --- Geoscience --- Earth sciences --- Natural history --- Engineering, Hydraulic --- Fluid mechanics --- Hydraulics --- Shore protection --- Engineering—Geology. --- Natural calamities --- Disasters --- Hydromechanics --- Continuum mechanics --- Engineering, Geotechnical --- Geotechnics --- Geotechnology --- Engineering geology --- Flow of water --- Water --- Hydraulic engineering --- Jets --- Architecture --- Building --- Structural engineering --- Underground construction --- Caissons --- Earthwork --- Masonry --- Soil consolidation --- Soil mechanics --- Walls --- Civil engineering --- Geology, Economic --- Flow --- Distribution --- Details --- Geology

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Rapid urbanization and industrialization have progressively caused severe impacts on the mountainous, river, coastal environments, and have increased the risks for people living in these areas. Human activities have changed the ecosystems, and, hence, it is important to determine ways to predict these consequences to enable the preservation and restoration of these key areas. Furthermore, extreme events attributed to climate change are becoming more frequent, aggravating the entire scenario and introducing ulterior uncertainties for the accurate and efficient management of these areas to protect the environment, as well as the health and safety of people. Climate change is altering the rain and extreme heat, as well as inducing other weather mutations. All these lead to more frequent natural disasters such as flood events, erosions, and contamination and spreading of pollutants. Therefore, efforts need to be devoted to investigating the underlying causes, and to identifying feasible mitigation and adaptation strategies to reduce the negative impacts on both the environment and citizens. In support of this aim, the selected papers in this book covered a wide range of issues that are mainly relevant to the following: i) the numerical and experimental characterization of complex flow conditions under specific circumstances induced by the natural hazards; ii) the effect of climate change on the hydrological processes in the mountainous, river and coastal environments, iii) the protection of ecosystems and the restoration of areas damaged by the effects of the climate change and human activities.

Research & information: general --- check dam --- hydrologic response --- sediment transport --- InHM --- Loess Plateau --- stratification effect --- inertia effect --- secondary flow --- meandering --- sediment laden flows --- pier scour --- non-uniform sediment --- armor layer --- equilibrium scour depth processes --- clear water scour condition --- suffusion --- internal stability --- grain size distribution (GSD) --- ecological operation --- multi-scale --- decomposition-coordination --- hydrologic alterations --- embankments --- overtopping failure --- material point method --- water–soil interactions --- numerical simulation --- SPH (Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics) --- water-related natural hazards --- sediment scouring --- dense granular flow --- fast landslide --- surge wave --- flooding on complex topography --- HPC (High Performance Computing) --- FOSS (Free Open Source Software) --- climate change --- water levels --- causes and implications --- Qinghai Lake, Tibetan Plateau --- rainfall patterns --- rainfall-runoff --- soil erosion --- slope length --- slope gradient --- non-homogeneous debris flow --- viscous coefficients --- intermittent debris flows --- energy conversion --- focusing waves --- wave amplitude spectra --- space-time parameter --- experimental investigations --- InVEST model --- wetland --- ecosystem service assessment --- value analysis --- schistosomiasis prevention --- ISPH --- liquid sloshing --- water jet flow --- impact pressure --- excitation frequency --- Navier-Stokes equation --- SST k-ω turbulence model --- vortex-induced vibration (VIV) --- Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) method --- finite element method (FEM) --- rock–soil contact area --- fissure flow --- karst rocky desertification --- runoff --- rainfall simulation --- Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) --- porous media --- mathematical model --- coastal structure --- ocean and engineering --- turbulence --- emergent vegetation --- flexible vegetation --- rigid vegetation --- coherent structures --- shear layer --- elastic actuator line model --- OpenFOAM --- NREL 5 MW wind turbine --- aeroelastic performance --- check dam system --- sedimentary land --- flood control --- dam break --- SWE --- SPH --- openMP --- numerical modelling --- computational time --- experimental modelling --- scouring --- smoothed-particle hydrodynamics --- flooding --- dam-break --- debris flows --- urban evolution --- natural hazard --- check dam --- hydrologic response --- sediment transport --- InHM --- Loess Plateau --- stratification effect --- inertia effect --- secondary flow --- meandering --- sediment laden flows --- pier scour --- non-uniform sediment --- armor layer --- equilibrium scour depth processes --- clear water scour condition --- suffusion --- internal stability --- grain size distribution (GSD) --- ecological operation --- multi-scale --- decomposition-coordination --- hydrologic alterations --- embankments --- overtopping failure --- material point method --- water–soil interactions --- numerical simulation --- SPH (Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics) --- water-related natural hazards --- sediment scouring --- dense granular flow --- fast landslide --- surge wave --- flooding on complex topography --- HPC (High Performance Computing) --- FOSS (Free Open Source Software) --- climate change --- water levels --- causes and implications --- Qinghai Lake, Tibetan Plateau --- rainfall patterns --- rainfall-runoff --- soil erosion --- slope length --- slope gradient --- non-homogeneous debris flow --- viscous coefficients --- intermittent debris flows --- energy conversion --- focusing waves --- wave amplitude spectra --- space-time parameter --- experimental investigations --- InVEST model --- wetland --- ecosystem service assessment --- value analysis --- schistosomiasis prevention --- ISPH --- liquid sloshing --- water jet flow --- impact pressure --- excitation frequency --- Navier-Stokes equation --- SST k-ω turbulence model --- vortex-induced vibration (VIV) --- Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) method --- finite element method (FEM) --- rock–soil contact area --- fissure flow --- karst rocky desertification --- runoff --- rainfall simulation --- Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) --- porous media --- mathematical model --- coastal structure --- ocean and engineering --- turbulence --- emergent vegetation --- flexible vegetation --- rigid vegetation --- coherent structures --- shear layer --- elastic actuator line model --- OpenFOAM --- NREL 5 MW wind turbine --- aeroelastic performance --- check dam system --- sedimentary land --- flood control --- dam break --- SWE --- SPH --- openMP --- numerical modelling --- computational time --- experimental modelling --- scouring --- smoothed-particle hydrodynamics --- flooding --- dam-break --- debris flows --- urban evolution --- natural hazard