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Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is an ancillary method, widely used in pathologists’ practice, that allows identifying diagnostic and prognostic/predictive of therapeutic response protein markers on tissue samples by the use of specific monoclonal antibodies and chromogenic substances that guarantee the visualization of an antibody–antigene binding complex under a light microscope [1]. Coon et al., in 1941 [2], first introduced the use of fluorochrome-conjugated antibodies in clinical practice. Since then, IHC has gone from being a useful tool for identifying the differentiation line of otherwise undifferentiated cells to a technique capable of providing not only diagnostic but also prognostic and predictive indications of responses to specific therapeutic options [1,3]. The abovementioned peculiarities have made IHC one of the most used ancillary methods in the histopathological approach to human neoplastic and non-neoplastic diseases [3-5]. This Special Issue contains 11 accepted papers that provide readers with a comprehensive update on current and future applications of IHC in medical practice.

training exercise --- NGAL --- VDR --- kidney --- heart --- immunohistochemistry --- ABCB5 --- uveal melanoma --- prognosis --- metastasis --- pericardium --- cytokeratin --- c-kit --- PDGFR --- initial lymphatics --- macroH2A --- prognostic factor --- SLC22A12 --- URAT1 --- hypouricemia --- uric acid transporters --- excretion fraction of uric acid --- Hsp27 --- Hsp60 --- Hsp70 --- Hsp90 --- molecular chaperone --- chaperonopathies --- thyroid --- follicular adenoma --- follicular carcinoma --- differential diagnosis --- carcinogenesis --- matrix metalloproteinases --- temporomandibular joint disorder --- temporomandibular joint --- DEN --- liver --- inflammation --- ultra-structural changes --- oxidative stress --- EGCG --- Vitamin D --- prostate cancer --- urinary tract malformations --- megacystis --- enteric nervous system --- outcome and prognosis --- WT1 --- human embryonal/fetal tissues --- neoplastic tissue --- n/a

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The Special Issue entitled “Pediatric and adolescent nephrology facing the future: diagnostic advances and prognostic biomarkers in everyday practice” contains articles written in the era when COVID-19 had not yet been a major clinical problem in children. Now that we know its multifaceted clinical course, complications concerning the kidneys, and childhood-specific post-COVID pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome (PIMS), the value of diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in the pediatric area should be appreciated, and their importance ought to increase.

Medicine --- Clinical & internal medicine --- chronic kidney disease --- cytokines --- solitary functioning kidney --- tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis --- netrin-1 --- renal tubular damage --- premature newborns --- overactive bladder --- urinary microbiome --- children --- adolescents --- cystatin C --- galectin-3 --- periostin --- primary hypertension --- arterial damage --- blood pressure --- neurogenic bladder --- myelomeningocele --- markers --- furosemide stress test --- hyperfiltration --- [IGFBP-7] × [TIMP-2] --- NGAL --- renal angina index --- renal functional reserve --- tubular damage --- tubuloglomerular feedback --- neurotrophins --- transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation --- hemopexin --- nephrotic syndrome --- HNF1B --- hyperuricemia --- PTH --- renal function --- uric acid --- FEUA --- sclerostin --- obesity --- childhood --- dental caries --- gingivitis --- kidney injury --- glomerulopathy --- glomerular injury --- alpha-1 acid glycoprotein --- urinary mRNA expression of podocyte-associated proteins --- cathepsin B --- premature neonates --- immaturity --- NT-proBNP --- cardiovascular disease --- common carotid artery intima-media thickness --- bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 --- bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-6 --- extracellular matrix metalloproteinases inducer (EMMPRIN) --- macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) --- tubular functional reserve --- cytokeratin-18 --- endoglin --- transforming growth factor-β1 --- renal fibrosis --- congenital obstructive nephropathy --- diabetic kidney disease --- vascular endothelial markers --- eGFR --- adenine nucleotide metabolites --- chronic renal failure --- antibiotic resistance --- Escherichia coli --- inflammatory markers --- urinary tract infection --- B2M --- cancer --- CCS --- CKD --- nephropathies --- renal toxicity --- voiding cystography --- infection --- urinary tract --- IgA nephropathy --- IgA vasculitis with nephritis --- vanin-1 --- biomarker --- urinary tract infections --- artificial intelligence --- machine learning --- medical decision support system --- n/a