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CYTOCHROME C --- CYTOCHROME C --- CYTOCHROME C --- CLASSIFICATION --- CYTOCHROME C --- STRUCTURE --- CYTOCHROME C --- SPECTROSCOPIC ANALYSIS --- CYTOCHROME C --- ELECTRON TRANSFER --- CYTOCHROME C --- MODIFICATION --- EVOLUTION --- CLASSIFICATION --- STRUCTURE --- SPECTROSCOPIC ANALYSIS --- ELECTRON TRANSFER --- MODIFICATION --- CYTOCHROME C --- CYTOCHROME C --- CYTOCHROME C --- CLASSIFICATION --- CYTOCHROME C --- STRUCTURE --- CYTOCHROME C --- SPECTROSCOPIC ANALYSIS --- CYTOCHROME C --- ELECTRON TRANSFER --- CYTOCHROME C --- MODIFICATION --- EVOLUTION --- CLASSIFICATION --- STRUCTURE --- SPECTROSCOPIC ANALYSIS --- ELECTRON TRANSFER --- MODIFICATION

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Cytochrome c. --- Cytochrome C --- biosynthesis --- biosynthesis. --- Biosynthesis. --- Cytochromes C. Aspects biologiques. --- Cytochromen C. Biologische aspecten. --- Cytochrome C - biosynthesis --- BIOSYNTHESIS --- PHOTOSYNTHESIS --- BACTERIA --- ELECTRON TRANSPORT --- MITOCHONDRIA --- CYTOCHROME C --- PROPERTIES --- CYTOCHROMES C

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Enzymology --- Molecular biology --- Human biochemistry --- Oxygenases --- Oxygenases. --- Oxidoreductases --- Oxygenase --- OXYGEN --- SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE --- CYTOCHROME-C OXIDASE --- PEROXIDASE --- OXYGENASE --- FATTY ACIDS --- CYTOCHROME OXIDASE --- BIOLOGICAL STUDIES

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Physostegia chlorotic mottle alphanucleorhabdovirus (PhCMoV) was first detected by High-Throughput Sequencing in 2014 in Austria. Subsequent multiple detections of the virus across Europe, together with severe associated symptoms and resulting yield losses on vegetable crops, suggest that this viral pathogen could be an emergent threat. Due to the recent discovery of this virus, very little is known about its biology. This is why this study tried to investigate the biological characteristics of PhCMoV, with the ultimate aim of evaluating the phytosanitary risk it may represent. To do so, trials were conducted to define the impact of PhCMoV on various greenhouse-grown and mechanically inoculated solanaceous hosts. PhCMoV was found to cause a 70% to 93% reduction of marketable yields of tomatoes inoculated at the 3.5-week stage, depending on the cultivar tested. Despite the total yield was sometimes affected, drops in marketable productions were mostly attributable to a downgrading of tomato fruits. Quality disorders on culls mainly resulted from uneven ripening, mottling, and various chlorotic patterns. While PhCMoV infection did not reduce the number of fruits per plant, the average weight of infected tomatoes was up to more than 40% lower than that of virus-free fruits. Overall, PhCMoV infection was also associated with impaired growth, vein clearing and deformation of leaves, irrespective of the host species. Nevertheless, plants may remain asymptomatic, sometimes until fruiting or regrowth development. Remarkably, the plant's developmental stage at the time of inoculation was proven to be of a considerable influence on the impact of the virus. Alongside those bioassays, sequences from tomato plants from diverse locations were subjected to bioinformatic processing and the whole genome of PhCMoV, when detected, was reconstituted. The purity of the isolate used as inoculation source was ensured and phylogenetic analyses suggested a low mutation rate of the virus, as seen for other viruses of this genus transmitted in a persistent propagative manner by their insect vector. Despite the latter is still unknown for PhCMoV, various leafhopper species found in PhCMoV-infected fields were identified by DNA barcoding, and some of them were subjected to a transmission assay. The results encourage further studies to focus on Anaceratagallia lithuanica and Eupteryx atropunctata as potential vectors. The considerable impact of this virus demonstrated in this trial underlines the crucial need for further research on this virus so that appropriate control strategies can be implemented in case of an outbreak of the disease. Le Physostegia chlorotic mottle alphanucleorhabdovirus (PhCMoV) a été détecté pour la première fois par séquençage à haut débit en 2014 en Autriche. Les multiples détections du virus à travers l'Europe dans les années qui ont suivies, ainsi que les graves symptômes associés et les pertes de rendement qui en résultent sur les cultures légumières, suggèrent que ce pathogène viral pourrait représenter une menace émergente. En raison de la découverte récente de ce virus, sa biologie est très peu connue. C'est pourquoi cette étude a tenté de mieux caractériser le PhCMoV, dans le but ultime d'évaluer le risque phytosanitaire qu'il pourrait représenter. Pour ce faire, des essais en serre ont été menés afin de définir l'impact du PhCMoV sur divers cultures hôtes de solanacées inoculées mécaniquement. Il a été constaté que le PhCMoV entraînait des pertes de 70% à 93% du rendement commercialisable de tomates inoculées au stade de 3.5 semaines, selon le cultivar testé. Les chutes de productions commercialisables étaient principalement attribuables à un déclassement des tomates, ainsi qu'à une à éventuelle réduction du rendement total. Alors que l'infection par le PhCMoV n'a pas réduit le nombre de fruits par plante, le poids moyen des tomates infectées était inférieur jusqu'à plus de 40% de celui des fruits exempts du virus. Les défauts de qualité des fruits invendables résultaient principalement d'un mûrissement inégal, de marbrures et de divers motifs chlorotiques. De manière globale, l'infection par PhCMoV était également associée à des anomalies de croissance, à un éclaircissement des nervures et à une déformation des feuilles, quelle que soit l'espèce hôte. Néanmoins, les plantes malades pouvaient rester asymptomatiques, parfois jusqu'à la fructification ou le développement de repousses. Par ailleurs, le stade de développement de la plante au moment de l'inoculation s'est révélé exercer une influence considérable sur l'impact du virus. Parallèlement à ces bio-essais, des séquences de plants de tomates provenant de divers sites ont été soumises à des analyses bio-informatiques et le génome entier du PhCMoV, lorsqu'il a été détecté, a été reconstitué. La pureté de l'isolat utilisé comme source d'inoculation a été assurée et des analyses phylogénétiques ont suggéré un faible taux de mutation du virus, comme observé pour les autres virus de ce genre dont le mode de transmission par vecteur est de type persistant multipliant. Bien que ce vecteur soit toujours inconnu, diverses espèces de cicadelles trouvées dans les champs infectés par le PhCMoV ont été identifiées par codage à barres de l'ADN, et certaines d'entre elles ont été soumises à un test de transmission. Les résultats encouragent les études futures à se concentrer sur Anaceratagallia lithuanica et Eupteryx atropunctata en tant que vecteurs potentiels. L'impact considérable de ce virus, démontré au cours de cet essai, souligne le besoin crucial de poursuivre les recherches sur ce virus, afin de pouvoir mettre en œuvre des stratégies de contrôle appropriées en cas d'épidémie.

PhCMoV --- Alphanucleorhabdovirus --- tomato --- eggplant --- symptomatology --- yield --- Cicadellidae --- DNA barcode --- cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 --- High-Throughput Sequencing --- PhCMoV --- Alphanucleorhabdovirus --- tomate --- symptomatologie --- rendement --- Cicadellidae --- Code-barres ADN --- cytochrome c oxydase sous-unité 1 --- Séquençage à haut débit --- aubergine --- Sciences du vivant > Microbiologie --- Sciences du vivant > Agriculture & agronomie --- Sciences du vivant > Entomologie & lutte antiravageur

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The purpose of this SI is to provide an overview of recent advances made in the methods used for tissue imaging and characterization, which benefit from using a large range of optical wavelengths. Guerouah et al. has contributed a profound study of the responses of the adult human brain to breath-holding challenges based on hyperspectral near-infrared spectroscopy (hNIRS). Lange et al. contributed a timely and comprehensive review of the features and biomedical and clinical applications of supercontinuum laser sources. Blaney et al. reported the development of a calibration-free hNIRS system that can measure the absolute and broadband absorption and scattering spectra of turbid media. Slooter et al. studied the utility of measuring multiple tissue parameters simultaneously using four optical techniques operating at different wavelengths of light—optical coherence tomography (1300 nm), sidestream darkfield microscopy (530 nm), laser speckle contrast imaging (785 nm), and fluorescence angiography (~800 nm)—in the gastric conduit during esophagectomy. Caredda et al. showed the feasibility of accurately quantifying the oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobin and cytochrome-c-oxidase responses to neuronal activation and obtaining spatial maps of these responses using a setup consisting of a white light source and a hyperspectral or standard RGB camera. It is interest for the developers and potential users of clinical brain and tissue optical monitors, and for researchers studying brain physiology and functional brain activity.

Public health & preventive medicine --- hemodynamic brain mapping --- metabolic brain mapping --- Monte Carlo simulations --- intraoperative imaging --- optical imaging --- hyperspectral imaging --- RGB imaging --- fluorescence imaging --- fluorescence angiography --- indocyanine green (ICG) --- optical coherence tomography (OCT) --- laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) --- esophagectomy --- gastric conduit --- Sidestream Darkfield Microscopy (SDF) --- multispectral --- broadband diffuse reflectance spectroscopy --- frequency-domain near-infrared spectroscopy --- dual-slope --- absorption spectra --- supercontinuum laser --- NIRS --- tissue optics --- diffuse optics --- near-infrared spectroscopy --- brain --- BOLD signal --- breath-holding --- cytochrome C oxidase --- n/a