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The objective of this review is to perform a systematic review of the beneficial and harmful effects of delayed-release cysteamine.

Cystinosis.

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Nephropathic cystinosis (MIM # 219800) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the lysosomal cystine transporter cystinosin, encoded by the CTNS gene (17p13.2). This devastating condition initially affects kidneys and subsequently many other organs including eyes, thyroid, pancreas, muscles, and brain. While lysosomal cystine storage is a key feature of the disease and the main target of current therapy, recent groundbreaking research has revealed that cystinosin has diverse functions in cells, being involved in vesicle trafficking, energy homeostasis, and cell death mechanisms. These discoveries deepen our insights into the mechanisms of cystinosis and of lysosomal biology in general. In this Special Issue dedicated to the pioneer of cystinosis research Dr. Jerry Schneider, we highlight the state-of-the-art understanding of cellular and molecular mechanisms of various disease features, opening new horizons for innovative treatment strategies for cystinosis and potentially other lysosomal storage diseases.

Medicine --- Pharmacology --- cystinosis --- cysteamine --- bone --- osteoclast --- genotype --- CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells --- gene therapy --- pre-clinical studies --- investigational new drug application --- clinical trial --- disulfiram --- mice --- zebrafish --- fertility --- azoospermia --- hypogonadism --- histopathology --- mouse model --- lysosomal storage disease --- cell and animal models --- infantile nephropathic cystinosis --- bone-muscle wasting --- fibroblast growth factor 23 --- osteoclasts --- sclerostin --- leptin --- fractures --- nephropathic cystinosis --- hollow fiber membrane --- 3-dimensional models --- autophagy --- macrophages --- inflammasome --- proximal tubular cells --- endocytosis --- apoptosis --- chitotriosidase --- interleukins --- galectin-3 --- novel therapies --- endolysosome --- epithelial cell differentiation --- homeostasis --- lysosomal storage diseases --- mitochondrial distress --- kidney proximal tubule --- programmed cell death --- central nervous system --- cortical atrophy --- arterial spin labelling --- cystine blood level --- lysosomal storage disorder --- history --- treatment strategies for cystinosis --- newborn screening --- clinical course --- CTNS-pathogenic variants --- newborn screening for cystinosis --- kidney progenitors --- cell model --- biomarkers --- cystine --- kidney --- therapeutic monitoring --- cystinosis --- cysteamine --- bone --- osteoclast --- genotype --- CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells --- gene therapy --- pre-clinical studies --- investigational new drug application --- clinical trial --- disulfiram --- mice --- zebrafish --- fertility --- azoospermia --- hypogonadism --- histopathology --- mouse model --- lysosomal storage disease --- cell and animal models --- infantile nephropathic cystinosis --- bone-muscle wasting --- fibroblast growth factor 23 --- osteoclasts --- sclerostin --- leptin --- fractures --- nephropathic cystinosis --- hollow fiber membrane --- 3-dimensional models --- autophagy --- macrophages --- inflammasome --- proximal tubular cells --- endocytosis --- apoptosis --- chitotriosidase --- interleukins --- galectin-3 --- novel therapies --- endolysosome --- epithelial cell differentiation --- homeostasis --- lysosomal storage diseases --- mitochondrial distress --- kidney proximal tubule --- programmed cell death --- central nervous system --- cortical atrophy --- arterial spin labelling --- cystine blood level --- lysosomal storage disorder --- history --- treatment strategies for cystinosis --- newborn screening --- clinical course --- CTNS-pathogenic variants --- newborn screening for cystinosis --- kidney progenitors --- cell model --- biomarkers --- cystine --- kidney --- therapeutic monitoring