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This paper examines two new methods to generate gridded agricultural Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and compares the results with a traditional method. In the case of Brazil, these two new methods of spatial disaggregation and cross-entropy outperform the prediction of agricultural GDP from the traditional method that distributes agricultural GDP using rural population. The paper finds that the best prediction method is spatial disaggregation using a regression approach for all the key crops and contributors to agricultural GDP. However, the issue of degrees of freedom is an important limiting factor, as the approach requires sufficient subnational data. The cross-entropy method with readily available spatially distributed crop, livestock, forest, and fish allocation far outperforms the traditional method, at least in the case of Brazil, and can operate with national- and/or subnational-level data.

Agricultural Sector Economics --- Agriculture --- Cross-Entropy --- Economic Growth --- Economic Theory and Research --- GDP --- Gross Domestic Product --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Regional Development --- Spatial Disaggregation

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Conflict, including the threat or fear of potential violence, or being witness to or a victim of physical violence, constantly surrounds gangs and their communities and is the principal driver sustaining gang life. This Special Issue examines the diverse nature of gang-related violence with the goal of better understanding the growing complexities of gang violence over the last two decades to better inform public policy solutions. The contributions included in this Special Issue highlight the complex nature of gang-related violence in the 21st Century. As much as policy makers, the media, and even scholars like to simplify gang-related violence, all of the studies included in this Special Issue highlight the nuance and variation that exists.

Law --- Drugs trade / drug trafficking --- street gangs --- public health --- Good Lives Model --- intervention --- prevention --- gang --- violence --- incident reports --- police data --- drug markets --- gangs --- opioids --- overdose --- spatial concentration --- generalized cross-entropy --- street gang violence --- civil gang injunctions --- conflict network --- social network analysis --- social networks --- crisis --- organized crime --- homicide --- retaliation --- gang homicide --- comparative research --- ethnography --- gang violence --- desistance --- network composition --- criminal behavior --- homicide types --- disaggregation --- latent class analysis --- shootings --- social media --- focused deterrence --- street gangs --- public health --- Good Lives Model --- intervention --- prevention --- gang --- violence --- incident reports --- police data --- drug markets --- gangs --- opioids --- overdose --- spatial concentration --- generalized cross-entropy --- street gang violence --- civil gang injunctions --- conflict network --- social network analysis --- social networks --- crisis --- organized crime --- homicide --- retaliation --- gang homicide --- comparative research --- ethnography --- gang violence --- desistance --- network composition --- criminal behavior --- homicide types --- disaggregation --- latent class analysis --- shootings --- social media --- focused deterrence

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Conflict, including the threat or fear of potential violence, or being witness to or a victim of physical violence, constantly surrounds gangs and their communities and is the principal driver sustaining gang life. This Special Issue examines the diverse nature of gang-related violence with the goal of better understanding the growing complexities of gang violence over the last two decades to better inform public policy solutions. The contributions included in this Special Issue highlight the complex nature of gang-related violence in the 21st Century. As much as policy makers, the media, and even scholars like to simplify gang-related violence, all of the studies included in this Special Issue highlight the nuance and variation that exists.

street gangs --- public health --- Good Lives Model --- intervention --- prevention --- gang --- violence --- incident reports --- police data --- drug markets --- gangs --- opioids --- overdose --- spatial concentration --- generalized cross-entropy --- street gang violence --- civil gang injunctions --- conflict network --- social network analysis --- social networks --- crisis --- organized crime --- homicide --- retaliation --- gang homicide --- comparative research --- ethnography --- gang violence --- desistance --- network composition --- criminal behavior --- homicide types --- disaggregation --- latent class analysis --- shootings --- social media --- focused deterrence --- n/a

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This book summarizes the efforts of ten papers collected by the Special Issue "Condensed-Matter-Principia Based Information & Statistical Measures: From Classical to Quantum". It calls for papers which deal with condensed-matter systems, or their interdisciplinary analogs, for which well-defined classical–statistical vs. quantum information measures can be inferred while based on the entropy concept. The contents have mainly been rested upon objectives addressed by an international colloquium held on October 2019, in UTP Bydgoszcz, Poland (see http://zmpf.imif.utp.edu.pl/rci-jcs/rci-jcs-4/), with an emphasis placed on the achievements of Professor Gerard Czajkowski, who commenced his research activity with open diffusion–reaction systems under the supervision of Roman S. Ingarden (Toruń), a father of Polish synergetics, and original thermodynamic approaches to self-organization. The active cooperation of Professor Czajkowski, mainly with German physicists (Friedrich Schloegl, Aachen; Werner Ebeling, Berlin), ought to be highlighted. In light of this, a development of his research, as it has moved from statistical thermodynamics to solid state theory, pursued in terms of nonlinear solid-state optics (Franco Bassani, Pisa), and culminated very recently with large quasiparticles termed Rydberg excitons, and their coherent interactions with light, is worth delineating.

entropy --- second law --- thermodynamics --- Shannon measure of information --- information theory --- surface plasmons --- fractals --- quantum plasmonics --- beyond dipole --- entanglement --- electromagnetically induced transparency --- cross-Kerr nonlinearity --- Gazeau–Klauder coherent states --- Helstrom bound --- chemical computing --- oscillatory reaction --- genetic optimization --- classification problem --- interacting oscillators --- Flory–De Gennes exponent --- conformation of protein --- albumin --- non-gaussian chain --- non-isothermal characteristics --- Fisher’s test --- Kullback–Leibler divergence --- network --- flow --- channel --- probability distribution --- Shannon information measure --- cross-entropy --- drones --- swarms --- robustness --- information --- classical vs. quantum system --- condensed matter --- soft matter --- complex systems

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In the last two decades, the understanding of complex dynamical systems underwent important conceptual shifts. The catalyst was the infusion of new ideas from the theory of critical phenomena (scaling laws, renormalization group, etc.), (multi)fractals and trees, random matrix theory, network theory, and non-Shannonian information theory. The usual Boltzmann–Gibbs statistics were proven to be grossly inadequate in this context. While successful in describing stationary systems characterized by ergodicity or metric transitivity, Boltzmann–Gibbs statistics fail to reproduce the complex statistical behavior of many real-world systems in biology, astrophysics, geology, and the economic and social sciences.The aim of this Special Issue was to extend the state of the art by original contributions that could contribute to an ongoing discussion on the statistical foundations of entropy, with a particular emphasis on non-conventional entropies that go significantly beyond Boltzmann, Gibbs, and Shannon paradigms. The accepted contributions addressed various aspects including information theoretic, thermodynamic and quantum aspects of complex systems and found several important applications of generalized entropies in various systems.

Research & information: general --- Mathematics & science --- ecological inference --- generalized cross entropy --- distributional weighted regression --- matrix adjustment --- entropy --- critical phenomena --- renormalization --- multiscale thermodynamics --- GENERIC --- non-Newtonian calculus --- non-Diophantine arithmetic --- Kolmogorov-Nagumo averages --- escort probabilities --- generalized entropies --- maximum entropy principle --- MaxEnt distribution --- calibration invariance --- Lagrange multipliers --- generalized Bilal distribution --- adaptive Type-II progressive hybrid censoring scheme --- maximum likelihood estimation --- Bayesian estimation --- Lindley's approximation --- confidence interval --- Markov chain Monte Carlo method --- Rényi entropy --- Tsallis entropy --- entropic uncertainty relations --- quantum metrology --- non-equilibrium thermodynamics --- variational entropy --- rényi entropy --- tsallis entropy --- landsberg-vedral entropy --- gaussian entropy --- sharma-mittal entropy --- α-mutual information --- α-channel capacity --- maximum entropy --- Bayesian inference --- updating probabilities --- ecological inference --- generalized cross entropy --- distributional weighted regression --- matrix adjustment --- entropy --- critical phenomena --- renormalization --- multiscale thermodynamics --- GENERIC --- non-Newtonian calculus --- non-Diophantine arithmetic --- Kolmogorov-Nagumo averages --- escort probabilities --- generalized entropies --- maximum entropy principle --- MaxEnt distribution --- calibration invariance --- Lagrange multipliers --- generalized Bilal distribution --- adaptive Type-II progressive hybrid censoring scheme --- maximum likelihood estimation --- Bayesian estimation --- Lindley's approximation --- confidence interval --- Markov chain Monte Carlo method --- Rényi entropy --- Tsallis entropy --- entropic uncertainty relations --- quantum metrology --- non-equilibrium thermodynamics --- variational entropy --- rényi entropy --- tsallis entropy --- landsberg-vedral entropy --- gaussian entropy --- sharma-mittal entropy --- α-mutual information --- α-channel capacity --- maximum entropy --- Bayesian inference --- updating probabilities