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Plant architecture is a major determinant of the resource use efficiency of crops. The architecture of a plant shows ontogenetic structural changes which are modified by multiple environmental factors: Plant canopies are exposed to natural fluctuations in light quantity and the dynamically changing canopy architecture induces local variations in light quality. Changing temperature conditions or water availability during growth additionally affect plant architecture and thus crop productivity, because plants have various options to adapt their architecture to the available resources. Meeting the challenge of ensuring food security we must understand the plant’s mechanisms for integrating and responding to an orchestra of environmental factors. ‘Virtual plants’ describe plant architecture in silico. Virtual plants have the potential to help us understanding the complex feedback processes between canopy architecture, multiple environmental factors and crop productivity. As a research tool, they have become increasingly popular within the last decade due to their great power of realistically visualizing the plant’s architecture. This Research Topic highlights current research carried out on modeling plant architecture in changing environments.

Morphogenesis --- environment --- functional-structural plant model --- simulation --- Interaction --- Light --- Virtual plant --- plasticity --- crop productivity --- Ontogeny --- plant architecture

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The way plants grow and develop organs significantly impacts the overall performance and yield of crop plants. The basic knowledge now available in plant development has the potential to help breeders in generating plants with defined architectural features to improve productivity. Plant translational research effort has steadily increased over the last decade due to the huge increase in the availability of crop genomic resources and Arabidopsis-based sequence annotation systems. However, a consistent gap between fundamental and applied science has yet to be filled. One critical point often brought up is the unreadiness of developmental biologists on one side to foresee agricultural applications for their discoveries, and of the breeders to exploit gene function studies to apply to candidate gene approaches when advantageous on the other. In this book, both developmental biologists and breeders make a special effort to reconcile research on the basic principles of plant development and organogenesis with its applications to crop production and genetic improvement. Fundamental and applied science contributions intertwine and chase each other, giving the reader different but complementary perspectives from only apparently distant corners of the same world.

HD-Zip transcription factors --- Plant in vitro cultures --- plant breeding --- recalcitrant species --- CLV --- wounding --- semi-dwarf --- photoreceptors --- Arabidopsis thaliana --- root development --- morphogenesis --- embryogenesis --- cytokinin --- auxin conjugation --- molecular marker --- Development --- boundaries --- translational research --- proline biosynthesis --- Brassicaceae --- meristem formation --- phytohormones --- stem cells --- meristem --- cytoskeleton --- hydrogen peroxide --- ligule --- genetic improvement --- tree phase change --- Rht18 --- hairy roots --- WUS --- GRETCHEN HAGEN 3 (GH3) IAA-amido synthase group II --- photoperiod --- linkage map --- SAM --- ground tissue --- signaling --- differentiation --- protoxylem --- ambient temperature --- gibberellins --- molecular regulation --- proximodistal patterning --- wheat-rye hybrids --- RolD --- somatic cell selection --- flowering time --- plant development and organogenesis --- grass --- root --- wheat --- crop productivity --- genetic transformation --- regulatory networks --- light environment --- rol genes --- root plasticity --- morphogenic --- stem apical meristem --- auxin --- shoot meristem --- Arabidopsis --- organogenesis --- transformation --- Vasculature --- Organogenesis --- radial patterning --- plant development --- reduced height --- root apical meristem --- Asteraceae --- vernalization --- KNOX transcription factors --- locule --- plant cell and tissue culture --- Agrobacterium rhizogenes --- genes of reproductive isolation --- cell wall --- lateral root cap --- CLE --- auxin minimum --- age

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Water scarcity is a critical issue for agriculture, and, hence, efficient management and conservation practices for agricultural water use are essential for adapting to and mitigating the impacts of current and future discrepancy between water supplies and water demands. This Special Issue focuses on “Agricultural Water Conservation: Tools, Strategies, and Practices”, which aims to bring together a collection of recent cutting-edge research and advancements in agricultural water conservation. The Special Issue intends to give a broad overview focusing on on-farm water conservation practices, advanced irrigation tools and water technologies, and the best management practices and strategies for efficient water use in agriculture.

Research. --- Biology. --- Technology. --- Engineering. --- Agriculture. --- irrigation --- groundwater --- alluvial aquifer --- water conservation adoption --- row crops --- Mississippi Delta --- precision agriculture --- Lower Mississippi River Valley --- clogging --- drip irrigation --- emitter --- hydrocyclone --- digestate liquid fraction --- wastewater --- salinity --- environments --- AquaCrop model --- water productivity --- scenarios --- tolerant --- Colorado River Basin --- drought --- irrigation management strategy --- water deficit --- optimum water use --- forage --- BEARS --- bushland --- climate --- evapotranspiration --- groundwater management --- irrigation water management --- Ogallala aquifer region --- remote sensing --- lysimeter ET assessment --- water-use efficiency --- analytical formula --- efficient design --- application efficiency --- gravity irrigation --- solar MajiPump --- water and crop productivity --- small-scale irrigation --- conservation agriculture --- Ethiopia --- sensible and latent heat fluxes --- surface renewal method --- tea plantation --- eddy covariance --- squash --- partial root drying --- water use efficiency --- soil mulch --- growing seasons --- gas exchange --- fruit quality --- Asparagus officinalis L. --- cultivars --- spears yield --- sandy soil --- water requirements --- IWUE --- autonomous landscape irrigation --- Hargreaves and Samani evapotranspiration model --- water conservation --- smart controller --- n/a

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Carbon-based materials, such as chars, activated carbons, one-dimensional carbon nanotubes, and two-dimensional graphene nanosheets, have shown great potential for a wide variety of applications. These materials can be synthesized from any precursor with a high proportion of carbon in its composition. Although fossil fuels have been extensively used as precursors, their unstable cost and supply have led to the synthesis of carbon materials from biomass. Biomass covers all forms of organic materials, including plants both living and in waste form and animal waste products. It appears to be a renewable resource because it yields value-added products prepared using environmentally friendly processes. The applications of these biomass-derived carbon materials include electronic, electromagnetic, electrochemical, environmental and biomedical applications. Thus, novel carbon materials from biomass are a subject of intense research, with strong relevance to both science and technology. The main aim of this reprint is to present the most relevant and recent insights in the field of the synthesis of biomass-derived carbons for sustainable applications, including adsorption, catalysis and/or energy storage applications.

Technology: general issues --- Chemical engineering --- bio-fuel --- aspen plus --- hydrogenation --- simulation --- economic analysis --- biochar --- pyrolysis --- environmental conservation --- soil ameliorant --- biochar preparation --- soil pollution --- remediation --- one-step method --- carbonized sulfonation --- response surface method --- Salix carboniferous solid acid catalysts --- biodiesel --- artemisia selengensis --- microwave pyrolysis --- adsorbability --- blended biochar pellet --- modified Hyperbola --- nutrient release --- slow release fertilizer --- tropical rainfed condition --- crop productivity --- root-zone soil --- application depth --- Sida hermaphrodita L. Rusby --- seed conditioning --- germination --- propagation mix --- vermicompost --- chicken manure compost --- lignocellulosic biomass --- adsorption --- carbonization --- adsorbent --- zinc --- regeneration --- greenhouse --- production --- seedlings --- grape seeds --- hydrothermal carbonization --- hydrochar --- activated carbon --- sulfamethoxazole --- biocarbon --- biomass --- foundry industry --- cupola furnace --- CO2 emission --- briquetting --- postcombustion CO2 capture --- biomass-based adsorbents --- cyclic breakthrough measurements --- selectivity CO2/N2 --- humid conditions --- hierarchical porosity --- steam activation --- phenol adsorption --- microplastics --- bark --- HTC --- sewage sludge --- methylene blue --- water remediation --- value-added product --- waste-to-products --- bio-fuel --- aspen plus --- hydrogenation --- simulation --- economic analysis --- biochar --- pyrolysis --- environmental conservation --- soil ameliorant --- biochar preparation --- soil pollution --- remediation --- one-step method --- carbonized sulfonation --- response surface method --- Salix carboniferous solid acid catalysts --- biodiesel --- artemisia selengensis --- microwave pyrolysis --- adsorbability --- blended biochar pellet --- modified Hyperbola --- nutrient release --- slow release fertilizer --- tropical rainfed condition --- crop productivity --- root-zone soil --- application depth --- Sida hermaphrodita L. Rusby --- seed conditioning --- germination --- propagation mix --- vermicompost --- chicken manure compost --- lignocellulosic biomass --- adsorption --- carbonization --- adsorbent --- zinc --- regeneration --- greenhouse --- production --- seedlings --- grape seeds --- hydrothermal carbonization --- hydrochar --- activated carbon --- sulfamethoxazole --- biocarbon --- biomass --- foundry industry --- cupola furnace --- CO2 emission --- briquetting --- postcombustion CO2 capture --- biomass-based adsorbents --- cyclic breakthrough measurements --- selectivity CO2/N2 --- humid conditions --- hierarchical porosity --- steam activation --- phenol adsorption --- microplastics --- bark --- HTC --- sewage sludge --- methylene blue --- water remediation --- value-added product --- waste-to-products

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Several of the 17 papers in this volume represent diverse strategies for improving sustainability in crop production systems. The maintenance of soil quality and the reclamation of marginal soils, improving tolerance to saline irrigation water, biodegradable alternatives to black plastic mulch, use of natural plant extracts against bacterial disease, and development of cultivars resistant to herbivorous arthropods address urgent priorities in sustainable systems. Two papers examine the driving forces and effects of adopting innovative agricultural technologies in food value chains in underdeveloped regions of the world, and identification of new Asian vegetable crop species for European environments and markets. Three papers reported on managing fruit set and ripening in important fruit crop species like orange, apple, and plum. Postharvest techniques to reduce disease and maintain fruit nutraceutical content were reported in separate papers. Classification techniques, conservation and utilization of unique plant species, and in vitro propagation techniques of species with potential horticultural value were described in four papers.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Technology, engineering, agriculture --- grapes --- fruit quality --- SO2 --- Botrytis cinerea --- rots --- fruit drop --- sustainable systems --- fungicides --- Alternaria alternata --- value chain analysis --- innovations --- adaptive lasso --- propensity score matching --- Tanzania --- genetic resistance --- natural allelochemicals --- organic production --- plant defense --- Induced resistance --- polyphenol oxidase --- peroxidase --- plant extract --- bacterial spot --- agronomy --- sustainability --- organic fertilizer --- crop productivity --- soil acidification --- soil organic matter --- pyrolysis --- microbial activity --- health --- aging population --- consumption of fruit and vegetables --- diversification --- market trend --- Korean ginseng sprout --- Ssamchoo --- Peucedanum japonicum --- Aralia elata (Miq.) Seem --- sustainable agriculture --- marketable production --- antioxidant molecules --- mineral content --- strawberry --- weed biomass --- in vitro multiplication --- alpine strawberry --- TDZ --- BA --- IBA --- non-runnering --- shoot explant --- European plum (Prunus domestica L.) --- alternate bearing --- crop load management (CLM) --- mechanical thinning --- reducing chemical input --- circle --- ellipse --- lens --- morphology --- oval --- seed shape --- superellipse --- Cycas --- determinate growth --- dichotomous branch --- isotomous branch --- sexual dimorphism --- Zamia --- Bowenia --- Ceratozamia --- Cycadaceae --- Dioon --- Encephalartos --- leaf element composition --- leaf tissue analysis --- Lepidozamia --- Macrozamia --- Stangeria --- Zamiaceae --- Solanum lycopersicum --- Capsicum annuum --- seedlings --- vegetable nursery --- transplant production --- salinity --- abiotic stress --- plant growth regulators --- GA3 --- anthocyanin --- ascorbic acid --- drying method --- phenol --- phytochemical --- raspberry --- apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) --- colouration --- Envy, Extenday® --- Fuji --- Jazz --- light reflection --- PAL-Phenylalanine-amminia-lyase --- reflective mulch --- shading --- Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb. --- rootstocks --- maturation index --- citrus color index --- grapes --- fruit quality --- SO2 --- Botrytis cinerea --- rots --- fruit drop --- sustainable systems --- fungicides --- Alternaria alternata --- value chain analysis --- innovations --- adaptive lasso --- propensity score matching --- Tanzania --- genetic resistance --- natural allelochemicals --- organic production --- plant defense --- Induced resistance --- polyphenol oxidase --- peroxidase --- plant extract --- bacterial spot --- agronomy --- sustainability --- organic fertilizer --- crop productivity --- soil acidification --- soil organic matter --- pyrolysis --- microbial activity --- health --- aging population --- consumption of fruit and vegetables --- diversification --- market trend --- Korean ginseng sprout --- Ssamchoo --- Peucedanum japonicum --- Aralia elata (Miq.) Seem --- sustainable agriculture --- marketable production --- antioxidant molecules --- mineral content --- strawberry --- weed biomass --- in vitro multiplication --- alpine strawberry --- TDZ --- BA --- IBA --- non-runnering --- shoot explant --- European plum (Prunus domestica L.) --- alternate bearing --- crop load management (CLM) --- mechanical thinning --- reducing chemical input --- circle --- ellipse --- lens --- morphology --- oval --- seed shape --- superellipse --- Cycas --- determinate growth --- dichotomous branch --- isotomous branch --- sexual dimorphism --- Zamia --- Bowenia --- Ceratozamia --- Cycadaceae --- Dioon --- Encephalartos --- leaf element composition --- leaf tissue analysis --- Lepidozamia --- Macrozamia --- Stangeria --- Zamiaceae --- Solanum lycopersicum --- Capsicum annuum --- seedlings --- vegetable nursery --- transplant production --- salinity --- abiotic stress --- plant growth regulators --- GA3 --- anthocyanin --- ascorbic acid --- drying method --- phenol --- phytochemical --- raspberry --- apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) --- colouration --- Envy, Extenday® --- Fuji --- Jazz --- light reflection --- PAL-Phenylalanine-amminia-lyase --- reflective mulch --- shading --- Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb. --- rootstocks --- maturation index --- citrus color index