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1. Equations based on the plasma concentration of creatinine or cystatin C generally estimate kidney function (GFR) with sufficient and equal accuracy. This option is currently underutilized in clinical practice. (In usual practice, an eGFR equation is defined as having sufficient accuracy when at least 75% of the estimates fall within (+/-)30% of the measured GFR.) Factors such as muscle mass and meat intake (for creatinine) and corticosteroid medication (for cystatin C) should be considered when evaluating estimated GFR. Equations based on cystatin C alone are generally accurate, while creatinine-based equations, to be equally accurate, must include certain demographic information (e.g. age and sex) and, at times, anthropometric measurements (weight and height).2. The mean value of estimated GFR based on both creatinine and cystatin C is more accurate than equations based on either. This is not widely known. This applies especially to adult patients with low GFR (<30 mL/min/1.73 m2) and children.3. Creatinine-based equations are not sufficiently accurate in children with low BMI (<20 kg/m2). In the elderly (>80 years) just a few, e.g. the revised Lund-Malmo equation (LM-rev), are sufficiently accurate. In these patient groups the accuracy of cystatin C-based equations and equations based on the mean value of creatinine and cystatin C has not been adequately studied.4. When impaired kidney function is suspected, using both creatinine and cystatin C in estimating GFR is probably more cost-effective than using only one of the methods.5. Laboratories should report estimated GFR, thereby giving the healthcare provider a measure of kidney function instead of reporting just the creatinine value, as done previously. GFR can be estimated with sufficient accuracy from both creatinine and cystatin C, at least up to 90 mL/min/1.73 m2.6. Swedish laboratories currently use several analytical methods and equations to estimate GFR. Greater uniformity is desirable. Analyses of cystatin C should be traceable to the international cystatin C calibrator. Equations based on IDMS-traceable (Isotope dilution mass spectrometry) creatinine analyses (MDRD, CKD-EPI, and LM-rev) should be used. LM-rev is developed in Sweden and is at least as accurate as the above-mentioned equations. The Cockcroft-Gault creatinine-based equation is substantially less accurate and should not be used.7. Endogenous creatinine clearance is still used to measure GFR. This method overestimates GFR and should be discontinued.

Cystatins. --- Creatine kinase.

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CREATINE KINASE --- CEREBROSPINAL FLUID --- BRAIN INJURIES --- CREATINE KINASE --- CEREBROSPINAL FLUID --- BRAIN INJURIES

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Myocardial Infarction --- L-Lactate Dehydrogenase --- Creatine Kinase --- diagnosis --- blood --- blood

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Liver Diseases --- Creatine Kinase --- Liver --- Ischemia --- Liver --- enzymology --- blood --- metabolism --- metabolism --- blood supply

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Although creatine was discovered already in the 1830s, it is only in recent years that its crucial role for human health and general well-being has been increasingly realized and appreciated. A number of beneficial health effects have been ascribed to oral creatine supplementation, such as neuroprotective, ergogenic, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, or antitumor effects. Creatine may even improve memory and intelligence. In the present book, emphasis is placed on the intricate interplay between creatine and creatine kinase function on one hand, and proper brain function, neurodegenerative disease and/or neuroprotection on the other hand. The book also elaborates on the recently identified inborn errors of creatine biosynthesis and transport, the so-called cerebral creatine deficiency syndromes. The clinical hallmarks of these disorders are mental retardation, epilepsy, autistic-like behaviour, and speech and language delay. In addition, the muscle growth- and strength-promoting effects, the pharmacokinetics and the safety of oral creatine supplementation are discussed. Finally, the present book outlines the emerging "systems biology" approaches for understanding the pleiotropic effects of creatine and creatine kinase, and hypothesizes on the most promising and influential future avenues of research towards creatine-based nutritional strategies for the prevention of neurological disease, and for improving the quality of life in general.

Creatine kinase. --- Creatine --- Creatine. --- Therapeutic use. --- Kreatine --- Amino acids --- Guanidines --- CK (Enzyme) --- CPK (Enzyme) --- Creatine phosphokinase --- Creatine phosphotransferase --- Lohmann's enzyme --- Phosphotransferases