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Over the past century, the manufacturing industry has undergone a number of paradigm shifts: from the Ford assembly line (1900s) and its focus on efficiency to the Toyota production system (1960s) and its focus on effectiveness and JIDOKA; from flexible manufacturing (1980s) to reconfigurable manufacturing (1990s) (both following the trend of mass customization); and from agent-based manufacturing (2000s) to cloud manufacturing (2010s) (both deploying the value stream complexity into the material and information flow, respectively). The next natural evolutionary step is to provide value by creating industrial cyber-physical assets with human-like intelligence. This will only be possible by further integrating strategic smart sensor technology into the manufacturing cyber-physical value creating processes in which industrial equipment is monitored and controlled for analyzing compression, temperature, moisture, vibrations, and performance. For instance, in the new wave of the ‘Industrial Internet of Things’ (IIoT), smart sensors will enable the development of new applications by interconnecting software, machines, and humans throughout the manufacturing process, thus enabling suppliers and manufacturers to rapidly respond to changing standards. This reprint of “Sense and Respond” aims to cover recent developments in the field of industrial applications, especially smart sensor technologies that increase the productivity, quality, reliability, and safety of industrial cyber-physical value-creating processes.

EEG sensors --- manufacturing systems --- problem-solving --- deep learning --- TDOA --- sensor networks --- hyperboloids --- node distribution --- genetic algorithms --- asynchronous --- Cramér–Rao lower bound --- heteroscedasticity --- soft sensors --- industrial optical quality inspection --- artificial vision --- long-term monitoring benefits --- indoor air quality --- low cost --- occupational safety and health --- industry 4.0 --- IOTA tangle --- Industry 4.0 --- IIoT --- geometric deep learning --- lean management --- cramer rao lower bound --- localization --- LPS --- multi-objective optimization --- sensor failure --- wireless sensor networks --- conceptual framework --- sensors --- approaches --- tools --- data --- application --- project engineering --- LCA --- SDG 9 --- SDG 11

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In the last decade, we have witnessed the rapid development of electronic technologies that are transforming our daily lives. Such technologies are often integrated with various sensors that facilitate the collection of human motion and physiological data and are equipped with wireless communication modules such as Bluetooth, radio frequency identification, and near-field communication. In smart healthcare applications, designing ergonomic and intuitive human–computer interfaces is crucial because a system that is not easy to use will create a huge obstacle to adoption and may significantly reduce the efficacy of the solution. Signal and data processing is another important consideration in smart healthcare applications because it must ensure high accuracy with a high level of confidence in order for the applications to be useful for clinicians in making diagnosis and treatment decisions. This Special Issue is a collection of 10 articles selected from a total of 26 contributions. These contributions span the areas of signal processing and smart healthcare systems mostly contributed by authors from Europe, including Italy, Spain, France, Portugal, Romania, Sweden, and Netherlands. Authors from China, Korea, Taiwan, Indonesia, and Ecuador are also included.

smart homes --- Internet of Things (IoT) --- Wi-Fi --- human monitoring --- behavioral analysis --- ambient assisted living --- intelligent luminaires --- wireless sensor network --- indoor localisation --- indoor monitoring --- Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) --- CUDA --- OpenMP --- OpenCL --- K-means --- brain cancer detection --- hyperspectral imaging --- unsupervised clustering --- impaired sensor --- Structural Health Monitoring --- Time of Flight --- subharmonics --- Cascaded-Integrator-Comb (CIC) filter --- FPGA --- fixed point math --- data adaptive demodulator --- motion estimation --- inertial sensors --- simulation --- spline function --- Kalman filter --- eHealth --- software engineering --- gesture recognition --- Dynamic Time Warping --- Hidden Markov Model --- usability --- Cramér–Rao lower bound (CRLB) --- human motion --- Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) --- Time of Arrival (TOA) --- wearable sensors --- endothelial dysfunction --- photoplethysmography --- machine learning --- computer-assisted screening --- sleep pose recognition --- keypoints feature matching --- Bayesian inference --- near-infrared images --- scale invariant feature transform --- heartbeat classification --- arrhythmia --- denoising autoencoder --- autoencoder --- deep learning --- auditory perception --- biometrics --- computer vision --- web control access --- web security --- human–computer interaction --- n/a --- Cramér-Rao lower bound (CRLB) --- human-computer interaction

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Radar-related technology is mainly processed within the time and frequency domains but, at the same time, is a multi-dimensional integrated system including a spatial domain for transmitting and receiving electromagnetic waves. As a result of the enormous technological advancements of the pioneers actively discussed in this book, research and development in multi-dimensional undeveloped areas is expected to continue. This book contains state-of-the-art work that should guide your research.

inverse synthetic aperture ladar (ISAL) --- maneuvering target --- integral cubic phase function (ICPF) --- fractional Fourier transform (FRFT) --- non-uniform fast Fourier transform (NUFFT) --- CLEAN technique --- simultaneous polarimetric radar --- constant modulus sequences --- correlation properties --- doppler tolerance --- saliency preprocessing LLC --- saliency detection --- image processing --- scene classification --- antenna array --- automatic guided vehicle --- DoA/DoD estimation --- MIMO radar --- direct position determination --- Doppler --- Doppler rate --- maximum likelihood estimator --- coherent pulse trains --- single moving sensor --- Cramer–Rao lower bound --- bistatic MIMO radar --- DOD/DOA estimation --- mutual coupling --- off-grid sparse problem --- unmanned aerial vehicle --- clustering methods --- man-made targets --- synthetic aperture radar (SAR) --- inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) --- polarimetric decomposition --- Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) --- microwave imaging --- constitutive parameters --- conductivity --- permittivity --- tomography --- RF MEMS --- switch --- analytical approach --- low control voltage --- high switching speed --- high reliability --- radar echo cancellation --- frequency shifting modulation --- interrupted sampling --- radar jamming --- deception jamming --- remote sensing --- SAR --- radon transform --- speckle noise filtering --- maritime traffic monitoring --- wake detection and analysis --- synthetic aperture radar --- differential SAR tomography --- squinted SAR --- 3-D deformation --- 2-D PPS --- maneuvering target detection --- coherent integration --- motion parameter estimation --- second-order phase difference (SoPD) --- time-frequency analysis --- image fusion --- sparse representation --- hyperbolic tangent function --- guided filter --- narrowband interference separation --- block sparse Bayesian learning --- sensing matrix optimization --- block coherence measure --- bistatic inverse synthetic aperture radar --- linear geometry distortion --- prior information --- least square error --- lunar penetrating radar --- local correlation --- SNR --- K-L transform --- seislet transform --- generative adversarial nets --- through-wall radar imaging --- multipath ghost suppression --- generator and discriminator --- ultrahigh resolution --- spaceborne --- curved orbit --- series reversion --- singular value decomposition (SVD) --- deramping-based approach --- crosshole ground penetrating radar (GPR) --- Bayesian inversion --- Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) --- forward model --- modeling error --- discrete cosine transform (DCT) --- through-wall imaging --- contrast target detection --- clutter reduction --- entropy thresholding --- low-rank approximation --- S-transformation --- ISAR --- micro-Doppler --- synchrosqueezing --- PBR (passive bistatic radar) --- clutter suppression --- non-uniform grid --- dilation morphology --- passive bistatic radar --- phased array radar --- parameter estimation --- aircraft surveillance --- GPR --- seasonal permafrost --- electromagnetic wave attribute --- relative water content --- marine radar --- wind direction retrieval --- small wind streak --- local gradient method --- adaptive reduced method --- energy spectrum method --- metamaterial absorber --- double negative --- dual-band --- FMCW radio altimeter --- methodological error --- critical height --- altitude measurement accuracy --- height pulses --- ultra-wide frequency deviation --- sparse recovery --- wideband noise interference --- dechirping --- subspace extraction --- denoising detection --- orthogonal matching pursuit --- pulse radar --- rotating target --- micro-motion feature extraction --- interrupted transmitting and receiving (ITR) --- dual-polarized radar --- DOA estimation --- atomic norm --- comprehensive SAR --- multiparametric SAR observation --- discrete scatterer model --- n/a --- Cramer-Rao lower bound

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Multiscale entropy (MSE) measures to evaluate the complexity of time series by taking into account the multiple time scales in physical systems were proposed in the early 2000s. Since then, these approaches have received a great deal of attention and have been used in a wide range of applications. Multivariate approaches have also been developed. The algorithms for an MSE approach are composed of two main steps: (i) a coarse-graining procedure to represent the system’s dynamics on different scales and (ii) the entropy computation for the original signal and for the coarse-grained time series to evaluate the irregularity for each scale. Moreover, different entropy measures have been associated with the coarse-graining approach, each one having its advantages and drawbacks. In this Special Issue, we gathered 24 papers focusing on either the theory or applications of MSE approaches. These papers can be divided into two groups: papers that propose new developments in entropy-based measures or improve the understanding of existing ones (9 papers) and papers that propose new applications of existing entropy-based measures (14 papers). Moreover, one paper presents a review of cross-entropy methods and their multiscale approaches.

History of engineering & technology --- electrocardiogram --- heart rate variability --- multiscale distribution entropy --- RR interval --- short-term inter-beat interval --- Alzheimer disease --- functional near infra-red spectroscopy --- signal complexity --- clock drawing test --- digit span test --- corsi block tapping test --- structural health monitoring --- multi-scale --- composite cross-sample entropy --- PD --- fault diagnosis --- variational mode decomposition --- multi-scale dispersion entropy --- HMSVM --- multiscale entropy --- embodied media --- tele-communication --- humanoid --- prefrontal cortex --- human behavior --- complexity --- page view --- sample entropy --- Wikipedia --- missing values --- physiological data --- medical information --- postural stability index --- stability states --- ensemble empirical mode decomposition --- gait --- Multiscale Permutation Entropy --- ordinal patterns --- estimator variance --- Cramér–Rao Lower Bound --- finite-length signals --- nonlinear dynamics --- multiscale indices --- cardiac risk stratification --- Holter --- long term monitoring --- multifractal spectrum --- multiscale time irreversibility --- predictability --- multiscale analysis --- entropy rate --- memory effect --- financial time series --- entropy --- cardiac autonomic neuropathy --- diabetes --- mental workload --- motif --- multi-scale entropy --- permutation entropy --- HRV --- SVM --- multivariate multiscale dispersion entropy --- multivariate time series --- electroencephalogram --- magnetoencephalogram --- CPD --- EEG --- sleep staging --- tensor decomposition --- preterm neonate --- bearing fault diagnosis --- weak fault --- multi-component signal --- local robust principal component analysis --- multi-scale permutation entropy --- brain complexity --- dynamic functional connectivity --- edge complexity --- fluid intelligence --- node complexity --- resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging --- aging --- consolidation --- default mode network --- episodic memory --- fMRI --- network complexity --- resting state --- copula density --- dependency structures --- Voronoi decomposition --- ambient temperature --- telemetry --- systolic blood pressure --- pulse interval --- thermoregulation --- vasopressin --- center of pressure --- falls --- postural control --- cross-entropy --- multiscale cross-entropy --- asynchrony --- coupling --- cross-sample entropy --- cross-approximate entropy --- cross-distribution entropy --- cross-fuzzy entropy --- cross-conditional entropy --- eye movement events detection --- nonlinear analysis time series analysis --- approximate entropy --- fuzzy entropy --- multilevel entropy map --- time-scale decomposition --- heart sound --- ICEEMDAN --- RCMDE --- Fisher ratio --- biometric characterization --- multi-scale entropy (MSE) --- vector autoregressive fractionally integrated (VARFI) models --- heart rate variability (HRV) --- systolic arterial pressure (SAP) --- multivariate data

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Despite the enormous technical progress seen in the past few years, the maturity of indoor localization technologies has not yet reached the level of GNSS solutions. The 23 selected papers in this book present the recent advances and new developments in indoor localization systems and technologies, propose novel or improved methods with increased performance, provide insight into various aspects of quality control, and also introduce some unorthodox positioning methods.

filter --- finite memory structure --- infinite memory structure --- smoother --- target tracking --- Indoor Positioning System --- WLAN --- C-Means --- K-Means --- Access Point Selection --- RSS-fingerprint --- smartphone --- pedestrian dead reckoning --- heading estimation --- autoregressive model --- adaptive Kalman filter --- indoor localization --- Wi-Fi received signal strength indicator (RSSI) --- semisupervised learning --- feature extraction --- mobile fingerprinting --- trajectory learning --- localization --- hybrid localization --- Bluetooth Low Energy --- extended kalman filter --- internet of things --- proximity sensors --- smartphone sensors --- pedestrian dead reckoning (PDR) --- Wi-Fi indoor positioning --- sensor fusion frameworks --- Kalman filter --- location fingerprinting --- trilateration --- received signal strength indication (RSSI) --- indoor positioning --- 5G system --- hybrid positioning --- geometric dilution of precision --- closed-form solution --- Cramer-Rao lower bound --- visually impaired (VI) --- computer vision --- deep learning --- multi-label convolutional support vector machine (M-CSVM) --- assistive technology --- visually impaired --- navigational system --- indoor navigation --- markers --- mobile robots --- wireless sensor network --- time of arrival (TOA) --- NLOS --- modified probabilistic data association (MPDA) --- indoor location recognition --- received signal strength (RSS) --- Wi-Fi fingerprint positioning --- deep neural network (DNN) --- optimization methods --- adaptive filter --- hidden Markov models (HMM) --- I/O detection --- GPS signal --- machine learning --- positioning applications. --- PDR --- geomagnetic positioning --- particle filter --- genetic algorithm --- Wi-Fi fine timing measurement --- NLOS identification --- Gaussian model --- carrier phase --- differential pseudolite system --- extended Kalman filter --- reliability --- integrity monitoring --- transparent obstacle recognition --- reflection noise --- laser range finder --- path planning --- mobile robot --- automated data acquisition --- remote sensing technologies --- automated progress reporting --- data fusion --- tracking resources --- bearing estimation --- azimuth estimation --- signal processing --- position estimation --- photodiode array --- indoor ranging algorithm --- channel state information --- received signal strength indicator --- VPR --- fusion navigation --- UWB --- multi-path detection --- NLOS and MP discrimination --- SVM --- random forest --- multilayer perceptron --- LOS --- DWM1000 --- fingerprinting --- smart buildings --- mobile devices --- indoor localization technologies --- model based techniques --- quality control