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A multivocal account of why Egypt's defeated revolution remains a watershed in the country's political history. Bread and Freedom offers a new account of Egypt's 2011 revolutionary mobilization, based on a documentary record hidden in plain sight—party manifestos, military communiqués, open letters, constitutional contentions, protest slogans, parliamentary debates, and court decisions. A rich trove of political arguments, the sources reveal a range of actors vying over the fundamental question in politics: who holds ultimate political authority. The revolution's tangled events engaged competing claims to sovereignty made by insurgent forces and entrenched interests alike, a vital contest that was terminated by the 2013 military coup and its aftermath. Now a decade after the 2011 Arab uprisings, Mona El-Ghobashy rethinks how we study revolutions, looking past causes and consequences to train our sights on the collisions of revolutionary politics. She moves beyond the simple judgments that once celebrated Egypt's revolution as an awe-inspiring irruption of people power or now label it a tragic failure. Revisiting the revolutionary interregnum of 2011–2013, Bread and Freedom takes seriously the political conflicts that developed after the ouster of President Hosni Mubarak, an eventful thirty months when it was impossible to rule Egypt without the Egyptians.

Arab Spring, 2010 --- -Egypt --- Politics and government --- Egypt. --- Tahrir. --- accountability. --- authoritarianism. --- constitution-making. --- counterrevolution. --- democratic transition. --- founding elections. --- legal mobilization. --- protests. --- revolutionary situation. --- social movements. --- state violence.

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From the color of a politician's tie, to exorbitantly costly haircuts, to the size of an American flag pin adorning a lapel, it's no secret that style has political meaning. And there was no time in history when the politics of fashion was more fraught than during the French Revolution. In the 1790s almost any article of clothing could be scrutinized for evidence of one's political affiliation. A waistcoat with seventeen buttons, for example, could be a sign of counterrevolution-a reference to Louis XVII-and earn its wearer a trip to the guillotine. In Dandyism in the Age of Revolution, Elizabeth Amann shows that in France, England, and Spain, daring dress became a way of taking a stance toward the social and political upheaval of the period. France is the centerpiece of the story, not just because of the significance of the Revolution but also because of the speed with which its politics and fashions shifted. Dandyism in France represented an attempt to recover a political center after the extremism of the Terror, while in England and Spain it offered a way to reflect upon the turmoil across the Channel and Pyrenees. From the Hair Powder Act, which required users of the product to purchase a permit, to the political implications of the feather in Yankee Doodle's hat, Amann aims to revise our understanding of the origins of modern dandyism and to recover the political context from which it emerged.

Dandyism --- Dandyism --- Dandyism --- Dandyism --- History --- Political aspects --- History --- Political aspects --- France --- History --- Social aspects. --- literary studies, literature, political meaning, politics, style, fashion, clothing, what you wear, french revolution, european countries, party affiliation, personal beliefs, waistcoat, buttons, counterrevolution, england, spain, france, history, english, spanish, upheaval, unrest, hair powder act, implications, yankee doodle, dandy, dandyism, historical research.

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This book is the only comprehensive history of the total experience of the Russian Civil War. Focusing on the key Volga city of Saratov and the surrounding region, Donald Raleigh is the first historian to fully show how the experience of civil war embedded itself into both the people's and the state's outlook and behavior. He demonstrates how and why the programs and ideals that had propelled the Bolsheviks into power were so quickly lost and the repressive Soviet party-state was born.Experiencing Russia's Civil War is based on exhaustive use of previously classified local and central archives. It is also bold and ambitious in its breadth of thematic coverage, dealing with all aspects of the war experience from institutional evolution and demographics to survival strategies. Complicating our understanding of this formative period, Raleigh provides compelling evidence that many features of the Soviet system that we associate with the Stalin era were already adumbrated and practiced by the early 1920s, as Bolshevism became closed to real alternatives. Raleigh interprets this as the consequence of a complex dynamic shaped by Russia's political tradition and culture, Bolshevik ideology, and dire political, economic, and military crises starting with World War I and strongly reinforced by the indelible, mythologized experience of survival in the Civil War.Fluidly written, replete with new information, and always engaged with important questions, this is history finely wrought.

Soviet Union. --- Russia (Federation) --- URSS --- Soviet Union --- Saratovskiĭ kraĭ (R.S.F.S.R.) --- Histoire --- History --- History. --- ABC of Communism. --- Atkarsk. --- Balashov. --- Black Hundreds. --- Bolsheviks. --- Capitalism. --- Center-periphery relations. --- Dashkovtsy. --- Ivanovo-Voznesensk. --- Jews. --- Kalmyks. --- Kamyshin. --- Khvalynsk. --- Mensheviks. --- absenteeism. --- abuse of power. --- anarchists. --- anti-bourgeois attitudes. --- bourgeoisie. --- bureaucratic centralism. --- censorship. --- centralization. --- coercion. --- colonialism. --- counterrevolution. --- demobilization. --- democracy. --- deurbanization. --- economic conditions. --- elections. --- factionalism. --- food brigades. --- foreigners. --- frontoviki. --- garrison. --- goods exchange. --- gubispolkom. --- gubkom. --- harvest. --- hidden transcripts. --- hostages. --- ideology. --- industrial production. --- kulaks. --- labor exchange. --- land redistribution. --- living conditions. --- lower classes. --- mass discontent. --- mass spectacles. --- militarization. --- mobilizations.

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The 1980 general strike in Poland and the establishment of the independent Solidarity movement, which sought to create a state based on civic freedom, were symptoms of a crisis of the communist system. On December 13, 1981, General Wojciech Jaruzelski on behalf of the ruling Communist Party imposed martial law effectively quashing Solidarity. Jaruzelski won the battle, but Solidarity continued itsrevolution in secret and Poland remained politically destabilized. Elections held in June 1989 ended with the defeat of the Communists and the establishment in September of a coalition government inwhich half of the parliamentary seats went to Solidarity, whose representative was also appointed prime minister. The revolution inaugurated in 1980 by the dockworkers of Gdansk had come to fruition. Revolution and Counterrevolution in Poland, 1980-1989 recounts and analyzes the events of this formative decade in Polish history, with particular emphasis on the martial law period. Drawing on extensive archival research, Andrzej Paczkowski examines the origin and form of the Solidarity revolution, the course of the Communist counterrevolution, and the final victory won by Solidarity along with its international repercussions. Andrzej Paczkowski is professor of political studies at the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw. Christina Manetti, Phd, is a translator and researcher of Polish history.

Revolutions --- Democracy --- Social change --- Martial law --- Anti-communist movements --- Government, Resistance to --- History --- NSZZ "Solidarność" (Labor organization) --- History. --- Poland --- Politics and government --- Civil resistance --- Non-resistance to government --- Resistance to government --- Political science --- Political violence --- Insurgency --- Nonviolence --- Anti-communist resistance --- Underground, Anti-communist --- Communism --- Law, Martial --- Military law --- Change, Social --- Cultural change --- Cultural transformation --- Societal change --- Socio-cultural change --- Social history --- Social evolution --- Self-government --- Equality --- Representative government and representation --- Republics --- Insurrections --- Rebellions --- Revolts --- Revolutionary wars --- War --- Solidarité (Labor organization) --- Solidarität (Labor organization) --- Solidarność (Labor organization) --- Niezależny Samorządny Związek Zawodowy "Solidarność" --- Solidarity (Labor organization) --- Solidarnostʹ (Labor organization) --- Solidaridad (Labor organization) --- Solidariedade (Labor organization) --- Solidarita (Labor organization) --- Irgun "Solidariyut" (Poland) --- Solidariyut (Labor organization) --- Gewerkschaft Solidarność --- אירגון סולידריות --- Solidaritatea (Labor organization) --- Communism. --- Counterrevolution. --- Democracy. --- Europe. --- Martial Law. --- Poland. --- Political. --- Revolution. --- Solidarity.