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This title scrutinises the events of 1919 from below: the global underside of the Wilsonian moment. During 1919 the Great Powers redrew the map of the world with the Treaties of Paris and established the League of Nations intending to prevent future war. Yet what is often missed is that 1919 was a complex threshold between war and peace contested on a global scale. This process began prior to war's end with mutinies, labour and consumer unrest, colonial revolt but reached a high point in 1919. Most obviously, the Russian Revolutions of 1917 continued into 1919 which signalled a decisive year for the Bolshevik regime. While the leaders of the Great Powers famously drew up new states in their Parisian hotel rooms, state formation also had a popular dynamic. The Irish Republic was declared. Afghanistan gained independence. Labour unrest was widespread.

History, Modern --- World politics --- Nineteen nineteen, A.D. --- Labour --- gender --- race --- revolution --- counter-revolution --- 1919 --- global --- politics --- mutiny --- industry

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La Contre-Révolution possède une existence historiographique paradoxale. Si elle est citée comme une menace constante et une force dangereuse, elle n'est présentée que sous une forme fragmentée, assemblant pêle-mêle les nobles de l'émigration, les penseurs militants, avec les ruraux de l'Ouest ou du Midi, les Viva Maria italiens et les paysans belges, à qui sont adjoints les pays européens entrés en guerre – l'Angleterre de Pitt en tête. Omniprésente dans l'ombre mais souvent absente du discours historique, la Contre-Révolution reste mal connue. Depuis une vingtaine d'années, l'histoire scientifique reprend cette question à nouveaux frais. C'est l'objet de ces pages que de proposer, modestement, à la fois un premier bilan des travaux récents et des pistes de recherches. Sans postuler l'existence d'une quelconque unité de la Contre-Révolution, cette rencontre entre des historiens européens brosse le tableau de cette réalité politique et sociale complexe, et montre la Contre-Révolution à la fois puissante et faible, essentielle et marginale. Elle met en valeur l'hétérogénéité des chronologies qui existent dans les différents pays, ceci expliquant la diversité des formes d'intervention de la Contre- Révolution. Enfin elle insiste sur l'importance fantasmatique de la Contre-Révolution européenne. La reconnaissance de la place de la Contre- Révolution dans les jeux politiques en France et en Europe permet de comprendre les affrontements qui lui furent liés comme autant d'épisodes des guerres civiles à l'intérieur de chacun des pays européens, ainsi que des moments de la lutte « internationale » ou « idéologique » qui a traversé toute l'Europe dans les XIXe et XXe siècles.

Counterrevolutions --- Contre-révolutions --- History --- Congresses --- Histoire --- Congrès --- Europe --- Politics and government --- Social conditions --- Politique et gouvernement --- Conditions sociales --- Contre-revolutions --- Contre-révolutions --- Congrès --- Counter-revolution --- 18th-19th centuries --- Contre-revolutions - Europe - Histoire - 18e siecle - Congres --- Contre-revolutions - Europe - Histoire - 19e siecle - Congres --- contre-révolution --- historiographie --- histoire politique --- histoire sociale

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Focolare, Community of Sant'Egidio, Neocatechumenal Way, Legionaries of Christ, Communion and Liberation, Opus Dei. These are but a few of the most recognizable names in the broader context of the so-called ecclesial movements. Their history goes back to the period following the First Vatican Council, crosses Vatican II, and develops throughout the twentieth century. It is a history that prepares the movements' rise in the last three decades, from John Paul II to Francis. These movements are a complex phenomenon that shapes the Church now more than before, and they play a key role for the future of Catholicism as a global community, in transition from a Europe-centered tradition to a world Church.

Catholic Action --- Catholic Church --- Societies, etc. --- History --- 27 "19" --- 27 "19" Histoire de l'Eglise--20e eeuw. Periode 1900-1999 --- 27 "19" Kerkgeschiedenis--20e eeuw. Periode 1900-1999 --- Histoire de l'Eglise--20e eeuw. Periode 1900-1999 --- Kerkgeschiedenis--20e eeuw. Periode 1900-1999 --- Action, Catholic --- Apostolate, Lay --- Lay apostolate --- Social justice --- Religious aspects --- Church of Rome --- Roman Catholic Church --- Katholische Kirche --- Katolyt︠s︡ʹka t︠s︡erkva --- Römisch-Katholische Kirche --- Römische Kirche --- Ecclesia Catholica --- Eglise catholique --- Eglise catholique-romaine --- Katolicheskai︠a︡ t︠s︡erkovʹ --- Chiesa cattolica --- Iglesia Católica --- Kościół Katolicki --- Katolicki Kościół --- Kościół Rzymskokatolicki --- Nihon Katorikku Kyōkai --- Katholikē Ekklēsia --- Gereja Katolik --- Kenesiyah ha-Ḳatolit --- Kanisa Katoliki --- כנסיה הקתולית --- כנסייה הקתולית --- 가톨릭교 --- 천주교 --- Catholic Action - Europe. --- Christianity --- foundational myths --- the Second Vatican Council --- ecclesial movements --- religious movements --- scholarly literature --- religious cults --- new religious movements --- juridical ecclesiology --- sects --- theology of the laity --- social origins of religious groups --- the 1960 --- the 1970s --- fundamentalism --- Revanche de Dieu --- movements in the Catholic Church --- Catholic movement --- Catholic action --- the reform movements of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries --- Leo XIII and Pius X --- Pius IX --- the Catholic Movement from the Counter-Revolution to the 'Social Question' --- origins of the organized Catholic laity --- Catholic Movement and political ideologies of the twentieth century --- Pius XI's pontificate --- Pius XI's Catholic action --- the Reconquista --- Opus Dei --- the Legionaries of Christ --- the Cursillos de Cristianidad --- war --- Focolare --- Gioventu Studentesca --- Pius XII's Militant Church --- Vatican II and ecclesial movements --- culture of presence --- Catholic dissent --- Monastic communities --- Paul VI --- Neo-Monastic communities --- Taizé and Bose --- John Paul II --- lay identities and clerical tendencies --- Benedict XVI --- Francis --- orthodoxy --- custom-made faith --- theology of the people --- new Catholic movements and priestly formation in the seminaries --- lay groups --- multi-vocational groups --- the Neocatechumenal way --- canonical and theological issues --- the Apologetics of Enmity --- the Postconciliar Church --- the Tridentine period --- Vatican II --- Catholic movements --- bishops --- clergy --- lay laity --- Loci Theologici --- new Catholic movements --- the Ecclesiastical Institution --- inclusiveness in the Church --- ecclesial movements and post-Vatican II Catholicism --- Catholic movements and the European political arena --- secularization --- confessionalization --- revanchism --- redemption