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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) has spread worldwide from the beginning of 2020. The infection is mostly asymptomatic but some patients may develop COVID‑19 (coronavirus disease 2019) with a severe or critical course leading to pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and multiorgan failure. Apart from the virus‑related damage of the lungs, pathomechanism of the disease seems to be linked to thromboembolism and inflammation accompanied by overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines, termed a cytokine storm, responsible for multiorgan damage and death. Since the development of a new therapeutic molecule, dedicated strictly to a particular virus is time‑consuming, physicians and scientists have started to test and repurpose old medications. Unfortunately, after one year of pandemics, there is still a lack of optimal therapy and no clear indicators of recovery. A major issue is also insufficient knowledge on predictors of the severe or deadly course of the disease, which could also help to switch from one therapeutic option to another. Due to many gaps still existing in the management of COVID-19, there is a need for the accumulation of new data particularly from real-world experience, which could be applicable to practice guidelines. The objective of this special issue of the Journal of Clinical Medicine is to provide an update on the mangement for the diagnostic workup and pharmacotherapy of SARS‑CoV‑2 infection.

Medicine --- COVID-19 --- SARS-CoV-2 --- interleukin-6 --- tocilizumab --- therapy --- coronavirus disease 2019 --- cytokines --- severity --- prognosis --- mortality --- kidney failure --- rapid diagnostic test --- antigen detection --- Cytomegalovirus --- co-infections --- critical care --- liver markers --- inflammation --- morbidity --- personalized medicine --- liver functional tests --- COVID-19 pneumonia --- meta-analysis --- trial sequential analysis --- children --- clinical presentation --- coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) --- epidemiology --- severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) --- clinical outcome --- symptomatology --- pandemic --- angiotensin 1 receptor (AT1R) --- AT1R concentration --- angiotensin II --- symptoms’ severity --- diagnosis --- artificial intelligence --- medical imaging --- systematic umbrella review --- methodological credibility --- PCR test --- COVID-19 diagnosis --- Charlson Comorbidities Index --- cluster analysis --- longitudinal cluster --- individualized management --- n/a --- symptoms' severity

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SARS-CoV-2 has infected more than 105 million people worldwide. During this pandemic, researchers and clinicians have been working to understand the molecular mechanisms that underpin viral pathogenesis by studying viral–host interactions. Now, with the global rollout of various COVID-19 vaccines—based on the neutralization of the spike protein using different technologies—viral immunology and cell-based immunity are being investigated. Researchers are also studying how various SARS-CoV-2 genetic mutations will impact the efficacy of these COVID-19 vaccines. At the same time, various antiviral drugs have been identified or repurposed that have potential as anti-SARS-CoV-2 treatments. BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) is the acronym used to associate five major emerging national economies. The BRICS countries are known for their significant influence on regional affairs, including being leaders in scientific and clinical research and innovation. This Special Issue includes researchers from BRICS countries, in particular South Africa, involved in the study of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. Original articles, as well as new perspectives or reviews on the matter, were welcomed. Research in the fields of vaccine studies, pathogenesis, genetic mutations, viral immunology, and antiviral drugs were especially encouraged.

Medicine --- Epidemiology & medical statistics --- SARS-CoV-2 --- E484K --- variant of Interest --- genomic epidemiology --- Brazil --- immunoassay --- SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein --- epitope coverage --- quantitative antibody binding --- protein microarray --- SARS-CoV-2 antibodies --- humoral response --- COVID-19 --- nanotechnology --- detection --- treatment --- breakthrough --- VRDL --- Delta and Delta plus variant --- India --- vaccine --- dental aerosol-generating procedures --- extra-oral suction --- high-volume evacuation --- low-volume saliva ejector --- splatter --- aerosol --- convalescent plasma --- COVID-19 and nanotechnology --- nanomedicine in South Africa --- bioinformatics and vaccine development --- vaccine development in South Africa --- models --- different settings --- intervention strategies --- NSW --- coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) --- severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) --- neutralizing antibody (NAb) --- diabetes --- corticosteroids --- reverse zoonosis --- wildlife --- COVID-19 testing --- hospital mortality --- intubation