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The Labour government elected in 1997 pledged to reform the Westminster parliament by modernising the House of Commons and removing the hereditary peers from the House of Lords. Events have consequently demonstrated the deep controversy that accompanies such attempts at institutional reconfiguration, and have highlighted the shifting fault-lines in executive-legislative relations in the UK, as well as the deep complexities surrounding British constitutional politics. The story of parliamentary reform is about the nature of the British political system, about how the government seeks to expand

Great Britain. --- England and Wales. --- 英國. --- Reform --- History --- Great Britain --- Politics and government --- House of Commons. --- House of Lords. --- Labour Party. --- Westminster. --- constitutional politics. --- executive-legislative relations. --- hereditary peers. --- parliamentary reform. --- political actors.

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This book presents an important new account of Johann Gottlieb Fichte's Closed Commercial State, a major early nineteenth-century development of Rousseau and Kant's political thought. Isaac Nakhimovsky shows how Fichte reformulated Rousseau's constitutional politics and radicalized the economic implications of Kant's social contract theory with his defense of the right to work. Nakhimovsky argues that Fichte's sequel to Rousseau and Kant's writings on perpetual peace represents a pivotal moment in the intellectual history of the pacification of the West. Fichte claimed that Europe could not transform itself into a peaceful federation of constitutional republics unless economic life could be disentangled from the competitive dynamics of relations between states, and he asserted that this disentanglement required transitioning to a planned and largely self-sufficient national economy, made possible by a radical monetary policy. Fichte's ideas have resurfaced with nearly every crisis of globalization from the Napoleonic wars to the present, and his book remains a uniquely systematic and complete discussion of what John Maynard Keynes later termed "national self-sufficiency." Fichte's provocative contribution to the social contract tradition reminds us, Nakhimovsky concludes, that the combination of a liberal theory of the state with an open economy and international system is a much more contingent and precarious outcome than many recent theorists have tended to assume.

Republicanism --- Social contract --- Commercial policy --- State, The --- Political science --- Foreign trade policy --- International trade --- International trade policy --- Trade policy --- Economic policy --- International economic relations --- Administration --- Commonwealth, The --- Sovereignty --- Social compact --- Consensus (Social sciences) --- Sociology --- History --- Government policy --- Kant, Immanuel, --- Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, --- Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, --- Political and social views. --- Adam Smith. --- Closed Commercial State. --- Emmanuel-Joseph Sieys. --- European states system. --- French Revolution. --- Immanuel Kant. --- Jean-Jacques Rousseau. --- Johann Gottlieb Fichte. --- Perpetual Peace. --- Rousseau. --- The Closed Commercial State. --- commerce. --- constitutional politics. --- constitutional theory. --- constitutionalism. --- division of labor. --- economic relations. --- equality. --- finance. --- global trade. --- individual liberty. --- international relations. --- market society. --- modern finance. --- monetary policy. --- monetary system. --- national economy. --- national self-sufficiency. --- peace. --- perpetual peace. --- planned economy. --- political economy. --- political thought. --- property rights. --- social contract theory. --- state formation. --- theory of the state.