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The integration of information from various sensory modalities influences behaviour. It can induce behavioural benefits such as faster reaction times and enhanced detection of noisy signals but may also produce illusions, all of which have been characterized by specific neuronal signatures. Yet, while these effects of multisensory integration are largely accepted, the role of attention in this process is still the object of intense debate. On the one hand, it has been suggested that attention may guide multisensory integration in a top-down fashion by selection of specific inputs to be integrated out of the plethora of information in our environment. On the other hand, there is evidence that integration could occur in a bottom-up manner, based on temporal and spatial correlations, and outside the focus of attention. An extreme example is the multisensory enhancement of neural responses in anesthetised animals. Attention itself is not a unitary construct, and may refer to a range of different selection mechanisms. Therefore, the interplay between attention and multisensory integration can take many forms which explain, in part, the diversity of findings and the disputes in the literature. The goal of this Research Topic is to help clarify the picture by trying to answer the following questions from various perspectives: Under which circumstances does multisensory integration take place without attention?, and, When does attention determine the fate of multisensory integration?

Audio-tactile --- cross-modal --- emotion --- Temporal --- Awareness --- congruency --- audio-visual --- spatial

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Conflict adaptation theory is one of the most popular theories in cognitive psychology. The theory argues that participants strategically modulate attention away from distracting stimulus features in response to conflict. Although results with proportion congruent, sequential congruency, and similar paradigms seem consistent with the conflict adaptation view, some researchers have expressed scepticism. The paradigms used in the study of conflict adaptation require the manipulation of stimulus frequencies, sequential dependencies, time-on-task regularities, and various other task regularities that introduce the potential for learning of conflict-unrelated information. This results in the unintentional confounding of measures of conflict adaptation with simpler learning and memory biases. There are also alternative accounts which propose that attentional adaptation does occur, but via different mechanisms, such as valence, expectancy, or effort. A significant (and often heated) debate remains surrounding the question of whether conflict adaptation exists independent of these alternative mechanisms of action. The aim of this Research Topic is to provide a forum for current directions in this area, considering perspectives from all sides of the debate.

Cognitive psychology. --- Conflict (Psychology) --- cognitive control --- Gratton effect --- Proportion Congruent --- conflict adaptation --- timing --- Attention --- contingency learning --- congruency sequence effect --- binding --- expectancies --- cognitive control --- Gratton effect --- Proportion Congruent --- conflict adaptation --- timing --- Attention --- contingency learning --- congruency sequence effect --- binding --- expectancies

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Conflict adaptation theory is one of the most popular theories in cognitive psychology. The theory argues that participants strategically modulate attention away from distracting stimulus features in response to conflict. Although results with proportion congruent, sequential congruency, and similar paradigms seem consistent with the conflict adaptation view, some researchers have expressed scepticism. The paradigms used in the study of conflict adaptation require the manipulation of stimulus frequencies, sequential dependencies, time-on-task regularities, and various other task regularities that introduce the potential for learning of conflict-unrelated information. This results in the unintentional confounding of measures of conflict adaptation with simpler learning and memory biases. There are also alternative accounts which propose that attentional adaptation does occur, but via different mechanisms, such as valence, expectancy, or effort. A significant (and often heated) debate remains surrounding the question of whether conflict adaptation exists independent of these alternative mechanisms of action. The aim of this Research Topic is to provide a forum for current directions in this area, considering perspectives from all sides of the debate.

Cognitive psychology. --- Conflict (Psychology) --- cognitive control --- Gratton effect --- Proportion Congruent --- conflict adaptation --- timing --- Attention --- contingency learning --- congruency sequence effect --- binding --- expectancies

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Cake products with highly acceptable flavor and mouthfeel are not always successful in the marketplace. Sales of identical cake products sold in two different bakery shops often differ. Patrons’ choices of specific cake items differ depending on menu designs at restaurants. Such examples suggest that consumer behavior related to eating, preparing, or purchasing foods and beverages is typically complex, dynamic, and sensitive to environmental cues surrounding them. The nine original research articles and two systematic review articles addressed in this book provide recent informative and insightful findings on how sensory cues related to eating/drinking environmental contexts can serve as “sensory nudges” that induce healthy eating and drinking along with consumer satisfaction.

Philosophy --- crossmodal correspondences --- weight --- colour --- sweetness --- carbonation --- mediation --- product design --- packaging --- packaging design --- transparent packaging --- expected taste --- food judgements --- position --- complexity --- mixture perception --- recipe --- menu design --- multi-sip --- time–intensity --- retronasal aroma --- oolong tea beverage --- consumption experience --- warm-up sample --- taste --- sensory evaluation --- context --- virtual reality --- immersion --- hedonics --- alcoholic beverages --- crossmodal correspondence --- social judgment --- facial shapes --- sweet --- sour --- TCATA --- crossmodal --- core affect --- psychoacoustics --- ice cream --- choice --- palatability perception --- the number of options --- curry --- tea --- choice architecture --- sensory nudges --- visual cues --- sustainable consumer behavior --- display area size --- quantity of displayed products --- visibility --- hand-feel touch --- haptics --- tactile --- cross-modal correspondence --- sensory perception --- consumer behavior --- emotional response --- scent --- fragrance --- congruency --- wait staff --- dining experience --- interpersonal behavior --- food perception --- food consumption --- nudge --- sensory --- perception --- acceptability --- crossmodal correspondences --- weight --- colour --- sweetness --- carbonation --- mediation --- product design --- packaging --- packaging design --- transparent packaging --- expected taste --- food judgements --- position --- complexity --- mixture perception --- recipe --- menu design --- multi-sip --- time–intensity --- retronasal aroma --- oolong tea beverage --- consumption experience --- warm-up sample --- taste --- sensory evaluation --- context --- virtual reality --- immersion --- hedonics --- alcoholic beverages --- crossmodal correspondence --- social judgment --- facial shapes --- sweet --- sour --- TCATA --- crossmodal --- core affect --- psychoacoustics --- ice cream --- choice --- palatability perception --- the number of options --- curry --- tea --- choice architecture --- sensory nudges --- visual cues --- sustainable consumer behavior --- display area size --- quantity of displayed products --- visibility --- hand-feel touch --- haptics --- tactile --- cross-modal correspondence --- sensory perception --- consumer behavior --- emotional response --- scent --- fragrance --- congruency --- wait staff --- dining experience --- interpersonal behavior --- food perception --- food consumption --- nudge --- sensory --- perception --- acceptability

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Cake products with highly acceptable flavor and mouthfeel are not always successful in the marketplace. Sales of identical cake products sold in two different bakery shops often differ. Patrons’ choices of specific cake items differ depending on menu designs at restaurants. Such examples suggest that consumer behavior related to eating, preparing, or purchasing foods and beverages is typically complex, dynamic, and sensitive to environmental cues surrounding them. The nine original research articles and two systematic review articles addressed in this book provide recent informative and insightful findings on how sensory cues related to eating/drinking environmental contexts can serve as “sensory nudges” that induce healthy eating and drinking along with consumer satisfaction.

crossmodal correspondences --- weight --- colour --- sweetness --- carbonation --- mediation --- product design --- packaging --- packaging design --- transparent packaging --- expected taste --- food judgements --- position --- complexity --- mixture perception --- recipe --- menu design --- multi-sip --- time–intensity --- retronasal aroma --- oolong tea beverage --- consumption experience --- warm-up sample --- taste --- sensory evaluation --- context --- virtual reality --- immersion --- hedonics --- alcoholic beverages --- crossmodal correspondence --- social judgment --- facial shapes --- sweet --- sour --- TCATA --- crossmodal --- core affect --- psychoacoustics --- ice cream --- choice --- palatability perception --- the number of options --- curry --- tea --- choice architecture --- sensory nudges --- visual cues --- sustainable consumer behavior --- display area size --- quantity of displayed products --- visibility --- hand-feel touch --- haptics --- tactile --- cross-modal correspondence --- sensory perception --- consumer behavior --- emotional response --- scent --- fragrance --- congruency --- wait staff --- dining experience --- interpersonal behavior --- food perception --- food consumption --- nudge --- sensory --- perception --- acceptability